Clinical outcomes of (125)I brachytherapy with and without external-beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: results from 300 patients at a single institution in Japan

The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes and adverse events for 300 men with prostate cancer treated with (125)iodine ((125)I) brachytherapy with and without external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) at a single institution in Japan. Between February 2005 and November 2011, 300 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with (125)I brachytherapy at the Nagoya University Hospital. A total of 271 men were treated with implants with doses of 145 Gy, and 29 men were treated with implants with doses of 110 Gy combined with EBRT (40–50 Gy/20–25 fractions). The median patient age was 69 years (range, 53–83 years). The median follow-up period was 53 months (range, 5–99 months). According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk classification, 132 men (44%) had low-risk, 147 men (29%) had intermediate-risk and 21 men (7%) had high-risk disease. The 5-year overall survival rate, biochemical relapse–free survival rate, and disease-specific survival rates were 93.5%, 97.3% and 98.5%, respectively. Two men (0.6%) died of prostate cancer and 10 men (3.3%) died of other causes. Seventeen men (5.6%) experienced Grade 2 rectal bleeding in all: 12 (41.4%) of 29 in brachytherapy with EBRT, and 5 (1.8%) of 271 in brachytherapy alone. The rates of Grade 2 and 3 genitourinary toxicity were 1.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Excellent local control was achieved at our hospital for localized prostate cancer with (125)I brachytherapy with and without EBRT. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were acceptable.