Morphological alterations and redox changes associated with hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM: To study the effects of warm ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury on hepatic morphology at the ultrastructural level and to analyze the expression of the thioredoxin (TRX) and glutaredoxin (GRX) systems. METHODS: Eleven patients undergoing liver resection were subjected to portal triad clamping (PTC). Liver biopsies were collected at three time points; first prior to PTC (baseline), 20 min after PTC (post-ischemia) and 20 min after reperfusion (post-reperfusion). Electron microscopy and morphometry were used to study and quantify ultrastructural changes, respectively. Additionally, gene expression analysis of TRX and GRX isoforms was performed by quantitative PCR. For further validation of redox protein status, immunogold staining was performed for the isoforms GRX1 and TRX1. RESULTS: Post-ischemia, a significant loss of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) lining was observed (P = 0.0003) accompanied by a decrease of hepatocyte microvilli in the space of Disse. Hepatocellular morphology was well preserved apart from the appearance of crystalline mitochondrial inclusions in 7 out of 11 patients. Post-reperfusion biopsies had similar features as post-ischemia with the exception of signs of a reactivation of the LSECs. No changes in the expression of redox-regulatory genes could be observed at mRNA level of the isoforms of the TRX family but immunoelectron microscopy indicated a redistribution of TRX1 within the cell. CONCLUSION: At the ultrastructural level, the major impact of hepatic warm I/R injury after PTC was borne by the LSECs with detachment and reactivation at ischemia and reperfusion, respectively. Hepatocytes morphology were well preserved. Crystalline inclusions in mitochondria were observed in the hepatocyte after ischemia.