Chronological differential effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of canine bone marrow-derived macrophages

The aim of this study was to investigate osteoclastogenic properties of inflammatory cytokines at different time-points of osteoclastogenesis. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from five healthy dogs were stimulated with the macrophage colony-stimulating factor, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-17. Osteoclasts (OC) formation and function were enhanced with TNF-α regardless of temporal differences. But in contrast, IL-1β suppressed the osteoclastogenesis at early phase of the process while upregulating at the late phase. Furthermore, differentiation of OC precursors into OC was suppressed at high concentrations of IL-17. Collectively, the results revealed that suppressing TNF-α would be a promising strategy to inhibit inflammation-associated bone destruction in dogs.