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Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750982/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29240671 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121564 |
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author | Liao, Wenchao Sharma, Virender K. Xu, Su Li, Qingsong Wang, Lei |
author_facet | Liao, Wenchao Sharma, Virender K. Xu, Su Li, Qingsong Wang, Lei |
author_sort | Liao, Wenchao |
collection | PubMed |
description | Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of NOR followed second-order kinetics and ~72% of NOR could be removed in the first 5 min of MW/UV reaction. Influence of inorganic ions (cations (K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+)) and anions (Cl(−), SO(4)(2−), NO(3)(−), CO(3)(2−))), humic acid (HA) and surfactants (cation, anion, and non-ionic) on the degradation of NOR by the MW/UV process was investigated. Among the ions, Cu(2+) and NO(3)(−) ions inhibited the degradation of NOR. The presence of HA and surfactants in water showed a slight inhibition on the NOR removal. Furthermore, the NOR degradation in the MW/UV process was primarily caused by the ·OH-photosensitization steps. Seven intermediates formed by the oxidation of NOR were identified and three reaction pathways were proposed. Removals of NOR in tap water (TW), synthetic wastewater (WW), river water (RW), and seawater (SW) were also studied, which demonstrated that the MW/UV process was an effective oxidation technology for degrading fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different water matrices. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5750982 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-57509822018-01-10 Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways Liao, Wenchao Sharma, Virender K. Xu, Su Li, Qingsong Wang, Lei Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of NOR followed second-order kinetics and ~72% of NOR could be removed in the first 5 min of MW/UV reaction. Influence of inorganic ions (cations (K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+)) and anions (Cl(−), SO(4)(2−), NO(3)(−), CO(3)(2−))), humic acid (HA) and surfactants (cation, anion, and non-ionic) on the degradation of NOR by the MW/UV process was investigated. Among the ions, Cu(2+) and NO(3)(−) ions inhibited the degradation of NOR. The presence of HA and surfactants in water showed a slight inhibition on the NOR removal. Furthermore, the NOR degradation in the MW/UV process was primarily caused by the ·OH-photosensitization steps. Seven intermediates formed by the oxidation of NOR were identified and three reaction pathways were proposed. Removals of NOR in tap water (TW), synthetic wastewater (WW), river water (RW), and seawater (SW) were also studied, which demonstrated that the MW/UV process was an effective oxidation technology for degrading fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different water matrices. MDPI 2017-12-14 2017-12 /pmc/articles/PMC5750982/ /pubmed/29240671 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121564 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Liao, Wenchao Sharma, Virender K. Xu, Su Li, Qingsong Wang, Lei Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways |
title | Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways |
title_full | Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways |
title_fullStr | Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways |
title_full_unstemmed | Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways |
title_short | Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways |
title_sort | microwave-enhanced photolysis of norfloxacin: kinetics, matrix effects, and degradation pathways |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750982/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29240671 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121564 |
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