Cargando…

Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways

Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Liao, Wenchao, Sharma, Virender K., Xu, Su, Li, Qingsong, Wang, Lei
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750982/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29240671
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121564
_version_ 1783289845309767680
author Liao, Wenchao
Sharma, Virender K.
Xu, Su
Li, Qingsong
Wang, Lei
author_facet Liao, Wenchao
Sharma, Virender K.
Xu, Su
Li, Qingsong
Wang, Lei
author_sort Liao, Wenchao
collection PubMed
description Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of NOR followed second-order kinetics and ~72% of NOR could be removed in the first 5 min of MW/UV reaction. Influence of inorganic ions (cations (K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+)) and anions (Cl(−), SO(4)(2−), NO(3)(−), CO(3)(2−))), humic acid (HA) and surfactants (cation, anion, and non-ionic) on the degradation of NOR by the MW/UV process was investigated. Among the ions, Cu(2+) and NO(3)(−) ions inhibited the degradation of NOR. The presence of HA and surfactants in water showed a slight inhibition on the NOR removal. Furthermore, the NOR degradation in the MW/UV process was primarily caused by the ·OH-photosensitization steps. Seven intermediates formed by the oxidation of NOR were identified and three reaction pathways were proposed. Removals of NOR in tap water (TW), synthetic wastewater (WW), river water (RW), and seawater (SW) were also studied, which demonstrated that the MW/UV process was an effective oxidation technology for degrading fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different water matrices.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-5750982
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2017
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-57509822018-01-10 Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways Liao, Wenchao Sharma, Virender K. Xu, Su Li, Qingsong Wang, Lei Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of NOR followed second-order kinetics and ~72% of NOR could be removed in the first 5 min of MW/UV reaction. Influence of inorganic ions (cations (K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+)) and anions (Cl(−), SO(4)(2−), NO(3)(−), CO(3)(2−))), humic acid (HA) and surfactants (cation, anion, and non-ionic) on the degradation of NOR by the MW/UV process was investigated. Among the ions, Cu(2+) and NO(3)(−) ions inhibited the degradation of NOR. The presence of HA and surfactants in water showed a slight inhibition on the NOR removal. Furthermore, the NOR degradation in the MW/UV process was primarily caused by the ·OH-photosensitization steps. Seven intermediates formed by the oxidation of NOR were identified and three reaction pathways were proposed. Removals of NOR in tap water (TW), synthetic wastewater (WW), river water (RW), and seawater (SW) were also studied, which demonstrated that the MW/UV process was an effective oxidation technology for degrading fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different water matrices. MDPI 2017-12-14 2017-12 /pmc/articles/PMC5750982/ /pubmed/29240671 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121564 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Liao, Wenchao
Sharma, Virender K.
Xu, Su
Li, Qingsong
Wang, Lei
Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
title Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
title_full Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
title_fullStr Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
title_full_unstemmed Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
title_short Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways
title_sort microwave-enhanced photolysis of norfloxacin: kinetics, matrix effects, and degradation pathways
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750982/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29240671
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121564
work_keys_str_mv AT liaowenchao microwaveenhancedphotolysisofnorfloxacinkineticsmatrixeffectsanddegradationpathways
AT sharmavirenderk microwaveenhancedphotolysisofnorfloxacinkineticsmatrixeffectsanddegradationpathways
AT xusu microwaveenhancedphotolysisofnorfloxacinkineticsmatrixeffectsanddegradationpathways
AT liqingsong microwaveenhancedphotolysisofnorfloxacinkineticsmatrixeffectsanddegradationpathways
AT wanglei microwaveenhancedphotolysisofnorfloxacinkineticsmatrixeffectsanddegradationpathways