Up-Down-Like Background Spiking Can Enhance Neural Information Transmission

How neurons transmit information about sensory or internal signals is strongly influenced by ongoing internal activity. Depending on brain state, this background spiking can occur asynchronously or clustered in up states, periods of collective firing that are interspersed by silent down states. Here, we study which effect such up-down (UD) transitions have on signal transmission. In a simple model, we obtain numerical and analytical results for information theoretic measures. We find that, surprisingly, an UD background can benefit information transmission: when background activity is sparse, it is advantageous to distribute spikes into up states rather than uniformly in time. We reproduce the same effect in a more realistic recurrent network and show that signal transmission is further improved by incorporating that up states propagate across cortex as traveling waves. We propose that traveling UD activity might represent a compromise between reducing metabolic strain and maintaining information transmission capabilities.