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The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are utilized extensively for biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapeutic applications, yet the molecular weight of UCNPs has not previously been reported. Herein, we present a theory based upon the crystal structure of UCNPs to estimate the molecular weight of UCN...

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Autores principales: Mackenzie, Lewis E., Goode, Jack A., Vakurov, Alexandre, Nampi, Padmaja P., Saha, Sikha, Jose, Gin, Millner, Paul A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773537/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29348590
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19415-w
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author Mackenzie, Lewis E.
Goode, Jack A.
Vakurov, Alexandre
Nampi, Padmaja P.
Saha, Sikha
Jose, Gin
Millner, Paul A.
author_facet Mackenzie, Lewis E.
Goode, Jack A.
Vakurov, Alexandre
Nampi, Padmaja P.
Saha, Sikha
Jose, Gin
Millner, Paul A.
author_sort Mackenzie, Lewis E.
collection PubMed
description Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are utilized extensively for biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapeutic applications, yet the molecular weight of UCNPs has not previously been reported. Herein, we present a theory based upon the crystal structure of UCNPs to estimate the molecular weight of UCNPs: enabling insight into UCNP molecular weight for the first time. We estimate the theoretical molecular weight of various UCNPs reported in the literature, predicting that spherical NaYF4 UCNPs ~ 10 nm in diameter will be ~1 MDa (i.e. 10(6) g/mol), whereas UCNPs ~ 45 nm in diameter will be ~100 MDa (i.e. 10(8) g/mol). We also predict that hexagonal crystal phase UCNPs will be of greater molecular weight than cubic crystal phase UCNPs. Additionally we find that a Gaussian UCNP diameter distribution will correspond to a lognormal UCNP molecular weight distribution. Our approach could potentially be generalised to predict the molecular weight of other arbitrary crystalline nanoparticles: as such, we provide stand-alone graphic user interfaces to calculate the molecular weight both UCNPs and arbitrary crystalline nanoparticles. We expect knowledge of UCNP molecular weight to be of wide utility in biomedical applications where reporting UCNP quantity in absolute numbers or molarity will be beneficial for inter-study comparison and repeatability.
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spelling pubmed-57735372018-01-26 The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles Mackenzie, Lewis E. Goode, Jack A. Vakurov, Alexandre Nampi, Padmaja P. Saha, Sikha Jose, Gin Millner, Paul A. Sci Rep Article Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are utilized extensively for biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapeutic applications, yet the molecular weight of UCNPs has not previously been reported. Herein, we present a theory based upon the crystal structure of UCNPs to estimate the molecular weight of UCNPs: enabling insight into UCNP molecular weight for the first time. We estimate the theoretical molecular weight of various UCNPs reported in the literature, predicting that spherical NaYF4 UCNPs ~ 10 nm in diameter will be ~1 MDa (i.e. 10(6) g/mol), whereas UCNPs ~ 45 nm in diameter will be ~100 MDa (i.e. 10(8) g/mol). We also predict that hexagonal crystal phase UCNPs will be of greater molecular weight than cubic crystal phase UCNPs. Additionally we find that a Gaussian UCNP diameter distribution will correspond to a lognormal UCNP molecular weight distribution. Our approach could potentially be generalised to predict the molecular weight of other arbitrary crystalline nanoparticles: as such, we provide stand-alone graphic user interfaces to calculate the molecular weight both UCNPs and arbitrary crystalline nanoparticles. We expect knowledge of UCNP molecular weight to be of wide utility in biomedical applications where reporting UCNP quantity in absolute numbers or molarity will be beneficial for inter-study comparison and repeatability. Nature Publishing Group UK 2018-01-18 /pmc/articles/PMC5773537/ /pubmed/29348590 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19415-w Text en © The Author(s) 2018 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Mackenzie, Lewis E.
Goode, Jack A.
Vakurov, Alexandre
Nampi, Padmaja P.
Saha, Sikha
Jose, Gin
Millner, Paul A.
The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles
title The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles
title_full The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles
title_fullStr The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles
title_short The theoretical molecular weight of NaYF(4):RE upconversion nanoparticles
title_sort theoretical molecular weight of nayf(4):re upconversion nanoparticles
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773537/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29348590
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19415-w
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