Changes in Tumor Biology During Chemoradiation of Cervix Cancer Assessed by Multiparametric MRI and Hypoxia PET

PURPOSE: Imaging biomarkers assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or positron emission tomography (PET) enable non-invasive tumor characterization in cervix cancer patients. We investigated the spatio-temporal stability of hypoxia, perfusion, and the cell density of tumors over time by repetitive imaging prior to, during, and after radio-chemotherapy. PROCEDURES: Thirteen patients were included in this prospective study. The imaging protocol included the following: [(18)F]fluoromisonidazole ([(18)F]FMISO)-PET/x-ray computed tomography (CT) and multiparametric (mp)-MRI at four time-points (TP): baseline (BL); and weeks 2 (TP1), 5 (TP2), and 19 after treatment start (follow-up FU). Complete datasets for six patients could be assessed for tumor volume, enhancement kinetics, diffusivity, and [(18)F]FMISO-avidity (P1–P6). In addition, two patients completed all PET/CT examinations (P7–P8) but not all MR scans; however, one of them had no hypoxia (P8). Descriptive statistics, correlations, and voxel-by-voxel analysis were performed. For various, independent reasons, five patients could not complete the study according to the protocol with all imaging sequences. RESULTS: Median tumor ADCs (in ×10(−3) mm(2)/s) were 0.99 ± 0.10 at BL, 1.20 ± 0.12 at TP1, 1.33 ± 0.14 at TP2, and 1.38 ± 0.21 at FU. The median TBR(peak) (tumor-to-background) was 2.7 ± 0.8 at BL, 1.6 ± 0.2 at TP1, 1.8 ± 0.3 at TP2, and 1.7 ± 0.3 at FU. The voxel-by-voxel analysis of the [(18)F]FMISO uptake at BL and TP1 showed no correlation. Between TP2 and TP1 and FU and TP2, weak correlations were found for two patients. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal mp-MR and PET imaging enables the in vivo tumor characterization over time. While perfusion and cell density decreased, there was a non-uniform change of hypoxia observed during radiotherapy. To assess the potential impact with regard to more personalized treatment approaches, hypoxia imaging-based dose painting for cervix cancer requires further research.