Ethnic/racial differences in gastrointestinal symptoms and diagnosis associated with the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection in the US

BACKGROUND: In the US, neither the prevalence nor the gastrointestinal (GI) diagnosis/symptoms associated with Helicobacter pylori (HP) have been examined in different racial/ethnic groups. AIM: To determine the racial/ethnic differences in HP infection associated with GI diagnoses/symptoms using the Cerner Health Facts(®) database. METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected data during the period of 2000–2015 from the following ethnic/racial groups: 8,236,317 white, 2,085,389 black, 426,622 Hispanic, 293,156 Asian Pacific/Islander (APIs), and 89,179 Native American/Alaskan Native (NA/AN) patients aged 21–65 years old; the data were then analyzed. The primary dependent variable was a diagnosis of HP (ICD-9-Clinical Modification/ICD-10 classification). SAS version 9.4 was used for the statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was performed on 11,130,663 patients with GI symptoms, and of these, 152,086 patients were positive for the infection. RESULTS: Hispanics and NA/ANs had the highest prevalence of HP associated with upper GI symptoms/diagnosis. Nevertheless, blacks and APIs presented the highest relative risk (RR) of HP associated with dyspepsia (RR [95% CI] =11.2 [10.7–11.9] and 14.2 [12.8–15.6]), peptic ulcer (RR =13.8 [13.3–14.5] and 10.7 [9.3–12.3]), and atrophic gastritis (RR =9 [8.5–9.6] and 7.4 [6.4–8.5]), respectively. In all racial/ethnic groups, HP was also associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, liver diseases, and celiac diseases. CONCLUSION: Black and API populations had the highest risk of HP associated with upper GI symptoms/diagnosis. Black patients also had the highest risk for HP associated with GI cancer.