Anesthetic management of a parturient with Kearns–Sayre syndrome, dual-chamber and VVI implantable defibrillator pacemaker/defibrillator, and preeclampsia for cesarean delivery: A case report and review of the literature

Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS), a rare form of mitochondrial myopathy, is a triad of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, bilateral pigmentary retinopathy, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. In this report, we show how a combined spinal epidural anesthesia can be useful for cesarean delivery, as we illustrate in a dual-chamber and VVI implantable defibrillator pacemaker/defibrillator parturient with a KSS and preeclampsia.