MacroH2A1.1 regulates mitochondrial respiration by limiting nuclear NAD(+) consumption

Histone variants are structural components of eukaryotic chromatin that can replace replication-coupled histones in the nucleosome. The histone variant macroH2A.1.1 contains a macrodomain able to bind NAD(+) derived metabolites. Here, we report that macroH2A.1.1 is rapidly induced during myogenic differentiation through a switch in alternative splicing. Importantly, myotubes lacking macroH2A.1.1 display a defect in mitochondrial respiratory capacity. We find that the metabolite-interacting macrodomain is essential for sustaining optimal mitochondrial function, but dispensable for gene regulation. Through direct binding, macroH2A.1.1 inhibits basal poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 activity and thus reduces nuclear NAD+ consumption. Consequentially, accumulation of the NAD(+) precursor NMN allows the maintenance of mitochondrial NAD(+) pools critical for respiration. Our data indicate that macroH2A.1.1-containing chromatin regulates mitochondrial respiration by limiting nuclear NAD+ consumption and establishing a buffer of NAD(+) precursors in differentiated cells.