Comparison of different agitation methods for the removal of calcium hydroxide from the root canal: Scanning electron microscopy study

AIM: This ex vivo study compared the efficiency of different irrigations systems to remove calcium hydroxide from root canal walls, especially from the apical third by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four single-rooted teeth were divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each, according to different irrigation protocols using a 30-gauge slot-tipped needle, ultrasonic irrigation system, erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Er: YAG) laser, and EndoVac system. The rest 4 teeth were used as control groups (2 positive and 2 negative control groups). After coronal access, all teeth were instrumented by Protaper Next rotary files (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to size X3, followed an irrigation protocol and filled with pure calcium hydroxide powder mixed with saline. Teeth were stored in an incubator for 7 days, and then, calcium hydroxide was removed using 3 techniques: Manually (Group 1), by ultrasonic irrigation (Group 2), by laser Er: YAG and x-pulse tip (Group 3), and by EndoVac system (Group 4). The teeth of control groups were instrumented as the experimental groups; no removal technique was applied in positive group, whereas in negative one, the root canals were left empty. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally and observed under SEM Results were statistically analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis Test and Mann–Whitney Test. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference between laser and the other three groups in coronal and middle root third, but no statistic difference in apical third. CONCLUSION: Laser improved the removal of calcium hydroxide in comparison with conventional techniques.