Neonatal Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism with Focus on Developing an Indian Screening Programme

Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism, along with eradication of iodine deficiency in large parts of the world, has made it possible to prevent the development of permanent neurological impairment due to thyroid hormone deficiency in the developing brain. The first successful screening programme was demonstrated in Canada in 1973 and since then it has been standard of care in most developed societies. In India there is no national programme for neonatal screening, and screening is only done in selected larger hospitals on newborns whose parents fund it. This review summarises the current understanding of the various strategies for newborn screening that could potentially be employed in India with resource constraints. Once a case is detected, the further evaluation and determination of etiology is summarised. Treatment and long term follow-up with levothyroxine replacement is also described in detail as per current understanding.