Investigation on the role of surfactants in bubble-algae interaction in flotation harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris

In this work, a fundamental study was carried out on the role of surfactants in bubble-algae interaction to improve the understanding of how surfactants influence the flotation performance. Flotation tests for harvesting Chlorella vulgaris were first conducted using two surfactants, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C(16)TAB) and tea saponin. The effect of surfactants on harvesting efficiency was found to depend on their type and concentration. The present results also indicated that C(16)TAB exhibited higher harvesting efficiency than tea saponin. The adsorption experiments of surfactants onto C. vulgaris and the characterization measurements of algae surface were then carried out to reveal underlying interaction mechanisms between surfactants and algae in air flotation process. The results confirmed the adsorption process of surfactants onto C. vulgaris was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. Subsequently, two mechanism models were proposed to qualitatively establish the interaction relationship among algae, surfactants and bubbles in the flotation. According to two models, C(16)TAB could neutralize the algal potential, while tea saponin converted algal surface from hydrophilic into hydrophobic. Overall, two surfactants used here could facilitate attachment of C. vulgaris onto bubbles, making the algae easier to be harvested, thereby increasing the flotation recovery.