Non-catalytic hydrogenation of VO(2) in acid solution

Hydrogenation is an effective way to tune the property of metal oxides. It can conventionally be performed by doping hydrogen into solid materials with noble-metal catalysis, high-temperature/pressure annealing treatment, or high-energy proton implantation in vacuum condition. Acid solution naturally provides a rich proton source, but it should cause corrosion rather than hydrogenation to metal oxides. Here we report a facile approach to hydrogenate monoclinic vanadium dioxide (VO(2)) in acid solution at ambient condition by placing a small piece of low workfunction metal (Al, Cu, Ag, Zn, or Fe) on VO(2) surface. It is found that the attachment of a tiny metal particle (~1.0 mm) can lead to the complete hydrogenation of an entire wafer-size VO(2) (>2 inch). Moreover, with the right choice of the metal a two-step insulator–metal–insulator phase modulation can even be achieved. An electron–proton co-doping mechanism has been proposed and verified by the first-principles calculations.