Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration of southern and northern white spruce seed sources tested along a regional climatic gradient indicates limited potential to cope with temperature warming

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Knowledge of thermal acclimation of physiological processes of boreal tree species is necessary to determine their ability to adapt to predicted global warming and reduce the uncertainty around the anticipated feedbacks of forest ecosystems and global carbon cycle to climate change. The objective of this work was to examine the extent of thermal acclimation of net photosynthesis (A(n)) and dark respiration (R(d)) of two distant white spruce (Picea glauca) seed sources (from south and north of the commerial forest zone in Québec) in response to latitudinal and seasonal variations in growing conditions. METHODS: The temperature responses of A(n), its biochemical and biophysical limitations, and R(d) were measured in 1-year-old needles of seedlings from the seed sources growing in eight forest plantations along a regional thermal gradient of 5.5 °C in Québec, Canada. KEY RESULTS: The average optimum temperature (T(opt)) for A(n) was 19 ± 1.2 °C and was similar among seed sources and plantation sites along the thermal gradient. Net photosynthesis at T(opt) (A(opt)) varied significantly among plantation sites and was quadratically related to the mean July temperature (MJT) of plantation sites. T(opt) for mesophyll conductance, maximum electron transport rate and maximum rate of carboxylation were 28, 22 and 30 °C, respectively. Basal respiration rate (R(d) at 10 °C) was linearly and negatively associated with MJT. Q(10) of R(d) (the rate of change in R(d) with a 10 °C increase in temperature) did not show any significant relationship with MJT and averaged 1.5 ± 0.1. The two seed sources were similar in their thermal responses to latitudinal and seasonal variations in growing conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed moderate thermal acclimation of respiration and no evidence for thermal acclimation of photosynthesis or local genetic adaptation for traits related to thermal acclimation. Therefore, growth of local white spruces may decline in future climates.