Transcriptional regulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis by a long noncoding RNA

Nuclear receptors regulate gene expression in response to environmental cues, but the molecular events governing the cell-type specificity of nuclear receptors remain poorly understood. Here we outline a role for a non-coding RNA in modulating the cell type-specific actions of LXRs, sterol-activated nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis and that have been causally linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We identify the lncRNA MeXis as an amplifier of LXR-dependent transcription of the critical cholesterol efflux gene Abca1. Mice lacking the MeXis gene show reduced Abca1 expression in a tissue-selective manner. Furthermore, loss of MeXis in mouse bone marrow cells alters chromosome architecture at the Abca1 locus, impairs cellular responses to cholesterol overload, and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Mechanistic studies reveal that MeXis interacts with and guides promoter binding of the transcriptional coactivator DDX17. The identification of MeXis as a lncRNA modulator of LXR-dependent gene expression expands our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell-type selective actions of nuclear receptors in physiology and disease.