ISCU(M108I) and ISCU(D39V) Differ from Wild-Type ISCU in Their Failure To Form Cysteine Desulfurase Complexes Containing Both Frataxin and Ferredoxin

[Image: see text] Whereas iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster assembly on the wild-type scaffold protein ISCU, as catalyzed by the human cysteine desulfurase complex (NIA)(2), exhibits a requirement for frataxin (FXN), in yeast, ISCU variant M108I has been shown to bypass the FXN requirement. Wild-type ISCU populates two interconverting conformational states: one structured and one dynamically disordered. We show here that variants ISCU(M108I) and ISCU(D39V) of human ISCU populate only the structured state. We have compared the properties of ISCU, ISCU(M108I), and ISCU(D39V), with and without FXN, in both the cysteine desulfurase step of Fe–S cluster assembly and the overall Fe–S cluster assembly reaction catalyzed by (NIA)(2). In the cysteine desulfurase step with dithiothreitol (DTT) as the reductant, FXN was found to stimulate cysteine desulfurase activity with both the wild-type and structured variants, although the effect was less prominent with ISCU(D39V) than with the wild-type or ISCU(M108I). In overall Fe–S cluster assembly, frataxin was found to stimulate cluster assembly with both the wild-type and structured variants when the reductant was DTT; however, with the physiological reductant, reduced ferredoxin 2 (rdFDX2), FXN stimulated the reaction with wild-type ISCU but not with either ISCU(M108I) or ISCU(D39V). Nuclear magnetic resonance titration experiments revealed that wild-type ISCU, FXN, and rdFDX2 all bind to (NIA)(2). However, when ISCU was replaced by the fully structured variant ISCU(M108I), the addition of rdFDX2 to the [NIA–ISCU(M108I)–FXN](2) complex led to the release of FXN. Thus, the displacement of FXN by rdFDX2 explains the failure of FXN to stimulate Fe–S cluster assembly on ISCU(M108I).