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Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom

Understanding snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for developing risk assessment strategies and determining the optimal dose and timing of antivenom required to bind all venom in snakebite patients. This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals an...

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Autores principales: Sanhajariya, Suchaya, Duffull, Stephen B., Isbister, Geoffrey K.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5848174/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414889
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020073
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author Sanhajariya, Suchaya
Duffull, Stephen B.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.
author_facet Sanhajariya, Suchaya
Duffull, Stephen B.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.
author_sort Sanhajariya, Suchaya
collection PubMed
description Understanding snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for developing risk assessment strategies and determining the optimal dose and timing of antivenom required to bind all venom in snakebite patients. This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. Literature searches were conducted using EMBASE (1974–present) and Medline (1946–present). For animals, 12 out of 520 initially identified studies met the inclusion criteria. In general, the disposition of snake venom was described by a two-compartment model consisting of a rapid distribution phase and a slow elimination phase, with half-lives of 5 to 48 min and 0.8 to 28 h, respectively, following rapid intravenous injection of the venoms or toxins. When the venoms or toxins were administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, an initial absorption phase and slow elimination phase were observed. The bioavailability of venoms or toxins ranged from 4 to 81.5% following intramuscular administration and 60% following subcutaneous administration. The volume of distribution and the clearance varied between snake species. For humans, 24 out of 666 initially identified publications contained sufficient information and timed venom concentrations in the absence of antivenom therapy for data extraction. The data were extracted and modelled in NONMEM. A one-compartment model provided the best fit, with an elimination half-life of 9.71 ± 1.29 h. It is intended that the quantitative information provided in this review will provide a useful basis for future studies that address the pharmacokinetics of snakebite in humans.
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spelling pubmed-58481742018-03-14 Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom Sanhajariya, Suchaya Duffull, Stephen B. Isbister, Geoffrey K. Toxins (Basel) Review Understanding snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for developing risk assessment strategies and determining the optimal dose and timing of antivenom required to bind all venom in snakebite patients. This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. Literature searches were conducted using EMBASE (1974–present) and Medline (1946–present). For animals, 12 out of 520 initially identified studies met the inclusion criteria. In general, the disposition of snake venom was described by a two-compartment model consisting of a rapid distribution phase and a slow elimination phase, with half-lives of 5 to 48 min and 0.8 to 28 h, respectively, following rapid intravenous injection of the venoms or toxins. When the venoms or toxins were administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, an initial absorption phase and slow elimination phase were observed. The bioavailability of venoms or toxins ranged from 4 to 81.5% following intramuscular administration and 60% following subcutaneous administration. The volume of distribution and the clearance varied between snake species. For humans, 24 out of 666 initially identified publications contained sufficient information and timed venom concentrations in the absence of antivenom therapy for data extraction. The data were extracted and modelled in NONMEM. A one-compartment model provided the best fit, with an elimination half-life of 9.71 ± 1.29 h. It is intended that the quantitative information provided in this review will provide a useful basis for future studies that address the pharmacokinetics of snakebite in humans. MDPI 2018-02-07 /pmc/articles/PMC5848174/ /pubmed/29414889 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020073 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Sanhajariya, Suchaya
Duffull, Stephen B.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.
Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
title Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
title_full Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
title_fullStr Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
title_full_unstemmed Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
title_short Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
title_sort pharmacokinetics of snake venom
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5848174/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414889
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020073
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