Molecular iodine/doxorubicin neoadjuvant treatment impair invasive capacity and attenuate side effect in canine mammary cancer

BACKGROUND: Mammary cancer has a high incidence in canines and is an excellent model of spontaneous carcinogenesis. Molecular iodine (I(2)) exerts antineoplastic effects on different cancer cells activating re-differentiation pathways. In co-administration with anthracyclines, I(2) impairs chemoresistance installation and prevents the severity of side effects generated by these antineoplastic drugs. This study is a random and double-blind protocol that analyzes the impact of I(2) (10 mg/day) in two administration schemes of Doxorubicin (DOX; 30 mg/m2) in 27 canine patients with cancer of the mammary gland. The standard scheme (sDOX) includes four cycles of DOX administered intravenously for 20 min every 21 days, while the modified scheme (mDOX) consists of more frequent chemotherapy (four cycles every 15 days) with slow infusion (60 min). In both schemes, I(2) or placebo (colored water) was supplemented daily throughout the treatment. RESULTS: mDOX attenuated the severity of adverse events (VCOG-CTCAE) in comparison with the sDOX group. The overall tumor response rate (RECIST criteria) for all dogs was 18% (interval of reduction 48–125%), and no significant difference was found between groups. I(2) supplementation enhances the antineoplastic effect in mDOX, exhibiting a significant decrease in the tumor epithelial fraction, diminished expression of chemoresistance (MDR1 and Survivin) and invasion (uPA) markers and enhanced expression of the differentiation factor known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors type gamma (PPARγ). Significant tumor lymphocytic infiltration was also observed in both I(2)-supplemented groups. The ten-month survival analysis showed that the entire I(2) supplementation (before and after surgery) induced 67–73% of disease-free survival, whereas supplementation in the last period (only after surgery) produced 50% in both schemes. CONCLUSIONS: The mDOX+I(2) scheme improves the therapeutic outcome, diminishes the invasive capacity, attenuates the adverse events and increases disease-free survival. These data led us to propose mDOX+I(2) as an effective treatment for canine mammary cancer.