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Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study
BACKGROUND: In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is a major cause of disease in dogs, which are frequently co-infected with other vector-borne pathogens (VBP). However, the associations between dogs with clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL) and VBP co-infections have not been studied. We assess...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859779/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554932 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8 |
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author | Attipa, Charalampos Solano-Gallego, Laia Papasouliotis, Kostas Soutter, Francesca Morris, David Helps, Chris Carver, Scott Tasker, Séverine |
author_facet | Attipa, Charalampos Solano-Gallego, Laia Papasouliotis, Kostas Soutter, Francesca Morris, David Helps, Chris Carver, Scott Tasker, Séverine |
author_sort | Attipa, Charalampos |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is a major cause of disease in dogs, which are frequently co-infected with other vector-borne pathogens (VBP). However, the associations between dogs with clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL) and VBP co-infections have not been studied. We assessed the risk of VBP infections in dogs with ClinL and healthy controls. METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study of dogs with ClinL (positive qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) and clinically healthy, ideally breed-, sex- and age-matched, control dogs (negative qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) from Paphos, Cyprus. We obtained demographic data and all dogs underwent PCR on EDTA-blood extracted DNA for haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Hepatozoon spp., with DNA sequencing to identify infecting species. We used logistic regression analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate the risk of VBP infections between ClinL cases and controls. RESULTS: From the 50 enrolled dogs with ClinL, DNA was detected in 24 (48%) for Hepatozoon spp., 14 (28%) for Mycoplasma haemocanis, 6 (12%) for Ehrlichia canis and 2 (4%) for Anaplasma platys. In the 92 enrolled control dogs, DNA was detected in 41 (45%) for Hepatozoon spp., 18 (20%) for M. haemocanis, 1 (1%) for E. canis and 3 (3%) for A. platys. No Babesia spp. or “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum” DNA was detected in any dog. No statistical differences were found between the ClinL and controls regarding age, sex, breed, lifestyle and use of ectoparasitic prevention. A significant association between ClinL and E. canis infection (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.5–106.0, P = 0.022) was found compared to controls by multivariate logistic regression. This association was confirmed using SEM, which further identified that younger dogs were more likely to be infected with each of Hepatozoon spp. and M. haemocanis, and dogs with Hepatozoon spp. were more likely to be co-infected with M. haemocanis. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with ClinL are at a higher risk of co-infection with E. canis than clinically healthy dogs. We recommend that dogs diagnosed with ClinL should be tested for E. canis co-infection using PCR. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5859779 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-58597792018-03-22 Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study Attipa, Charalampos Solano-Gallego, Laia Papasouliotis, Kostas Soutter, Francesca Morris, David Helps, Chris Carver, Scott Tasker, Séverine Parasit Vectors Research BACKGROUND: In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is a major cause of disease in dogs, which are frequently co-infected with other vector-borne pathogens (VBP). However, the associations between dogs with clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL) and VBP co-infections have not been studied. We assessed the risk of VBP infections in dogs with ClinL and healthy controls. METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study of dogs with ClinL (positive qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) and clinically healthy, ideally breed-, sex- and age-matched, control dogs (negative qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) from Paphos, Cyprus. We obtained demographic data and all dogs underwent PCR on EDTA-blood extracted DNA for haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Hepatozoon spp., with DNA sequencing to identify infecting species. We used logistic regression analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate the risk of VBP infections between ClinL cases and controls. RESULTS: From the 50 enrolled dogs with ClinL, DNA was detected in 24 (48%) for Hepatozoon spp., 14 (28%) for Mycoplasma haemocanis, 6 (12%) for Ehrlichia canis and 2 (4%) for Anaplasma platys. In the 92 enrolled control dogs, DNA was detected in 41 (45%) for Hepatozoon spp., 18 (20%) for M. haemocanis, 1 (1%) for E. canis and 3 (3%) for A. platys. No Babesia spp. or “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum” DNA was detected in any dog. No statistical differences were found between the ClinL and controls regarding age, sex, breed, lifestyle and use of ectoparasitic prevention. A significant association between ClinL and E. canis infection (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.5–106.0, P = 0.022) was found compared to controls by multivariate logistic regression. This association was confirmed using SEM, which further identified that younger dogs were more likely to be infected with each of Hepatozoon spp. and M. haemocanis, and dogs with Hepatozoon spp. were more likely to be co-infected with M. haemocanis. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with ClinL are at a higher risk of co-infection with E. canis than clinically healthy dogs. We recommend that dogs diagnosed with ClinL should be tested for E. canis co-infection using PCR. BioMed Central 2018-03-20 /pmc/articles/PMC5859779/ /pubmed/29554932 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8 Text en © The Author(s). 2018 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Attipa, Charalampos Solano-Gallego, Laia Papasouliotis, Kostas Soutter, Francesca Morris, David Helps, Chris Carver, Scott Tasker, Séverine Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
title | Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
title_full | Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
title_fullStr | Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
title_full_unstemmed | Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
title_short | Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
title_sort | association between canine leishmaniosis and ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859779/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554932 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8 |
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