Hemoglobin A(1c) Variability Predicts Symptoms of Depression in Elderly Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the relationship of variability in hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) over years with subsequent depressive symptoms. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects (n = 837) were participants of the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline (IDCD) study, which aimed to examine the relationship of characteristics of long-term type 2 diabetes with cognitive decline. All pertain to a diabetes registry established in 1998, which contains an average of 18 HbA(1c) measurements per subject. The results presented here are based on the IDCD baseline examination. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). To quantify the association between variability in glycemic control (measured as the SD of HbA(1c) measurements [HbA(1c)-SD]) since 1998 with the number of depression symptoms at IDCD baseline, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated via negative binomial regression modeling and used to account for the overdispersion in GDS scores. RESULTS: Subjects’ ages averaged 72.74 years (SD 4.63 years), and the mean number of years in the diabetes registry was 8.7 (SD 2.64 years). The mean GDS score was 2.16 (SD 2.26); 10% of subjects had a GDS score ≥6, the cutoff for clinically significant depression. Mean HbA(1c) significantly correlated with HbA(1c)-SD (r = 0.6625; P < 0.0001). The SD, but not the mean, of HbA(1c) measurements was significantly associated with the number of subsequent depressive symptoms. For each additional 1% increase in HbA(1c)-SD, the number of depressive symptoms increased by a factor of 1.31 (IRR = 1.31 [95% CI 1.03–1.67]; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Variability in glycemic control is associated with more depressive symptoms.