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Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay
The e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) consist of propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine, and chemical additives for flavoring. There are currently over 7,700 e-liquid flavors available, and while some have been tested for toxicity in the laboratory, most have not. He...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870948/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29584716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003904 |
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author | Sassano, M. Flori Davis, Eric S. Keating, James E. Zorn, Bryan T. Kochar, Tavleen K. Wolfgang, Matthew C. Glish, Gary L. Tarran, Robert |
author_facet | Sassano, M. Flori Davis, Eric S. Keating, James E. Zorn, Bryan T. Kochar, Tavleen K. Wolfgang, Matthew C. Glish, Gary L. Tarran, Robert |
author_sort | Sassano, M. Flori |
collection | PubMed |
description | The e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) consist of propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine, and chemical additives for flavoring. There are currently over 7,700 e-liquid flavors available, and while some have been tested for toxicity in the laboratory, most have not. Here, we developed a 3-phase, 384-well, plate-based, high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to rapidly triage and validate the toxicity of multiple e-liquids. Our data demonstrated that the PG/VG vehicle adversely affected cell viability and that a large number of e-liquids were more toxic than PG/VG. We also performed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis on all tested e-liquids. Subsequent nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that e-liquids are an extremely heterogeneous group. Furthermore, these data indicated that (i) the more chemicals contained in an e-liquid, the more toxic it was likely to be and (ii) the presence of vanillin was associated with higher toxicity values. Further analysis of common constituents by electron ionization revealed that the concentration of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin, but not triacetin, correlated with toxicity. We have also developed a publicly available searchable website (www.eliquidinfo.org). Given the large numbers of available e-liquids, this website will serve as a resource to facilitate dissemination of this information. Our data suggest that an HTS approach to evaluate the toxicity of multiple e-liquids is feasible. Such an approach may serve as a roadmap to enable bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to better regulate e-liquid composition. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5870948 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-58709482018-04-06 Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay Sassano, M. Flori Davis, Eric S. Keating, James E. Zorn, Bryan T. Kochar, Tavleen K. Wolfgang, Matthew C. Glish, Gary L. Tarran, Robert PLoS Biol Methods and Resources The e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) consist of propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine, and chemical additives for flavoring. There are currently over 7,700 e-liquid flavors available, and while some have been tested for toxicity in the laboratory, most have not. Here, we developed a 3-phase, 384-well, plate-based, high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to rapidly triage and validate the toxicity of multiple e-liquids. Our data demonstrated that the PG/VG vehicle adversely affected cell viability and that a large number of e-liquids were more toxic than PG/VG. We also performed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis on all tested e-liquids. Subsequent nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that e-liquids are an extremely heterogeneous group. Furthermore, these data indicated that (i) the more chemicals contained in an e-liquid, the more toxic it was likely to be and (ii) the presence of vanillin was associated with higher toxicity values. Further analysis of common constituents by electron ionization revealed that the concentration of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin, but not triacetin, correlated with toxicity. We have also developed a publicly available searchable website (www.eliquidinfo.org). Given the large numbers of available e-liquids, this website will serve as a resource to facilitate dissemination of this information. Our data suggest that an HTS approach to evaluate the toxicity of multiple e-liquids is feasible. Such an approach may serve as a roadmap to enable bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to better regulate e-liquid composition. Public Library of Science 2018-03-27 /pmc/articles/PMC5870948/ /pubmed/29584716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003904 Text en © 2018 Sassano et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Methods and Resources Sassano, M. Flori Davis, Eric S. Keating, James E. Zorn, Bryan T. Kochar, Tavleen K. Wolfgang, Matthew C. Glish, Gary L. Tarran, Robert Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
title | Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
title_full | Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
title_fullStr | Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
title_short | Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
title_sort | evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay |
topic | Methods and Resources |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870948/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29584716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003904 |
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