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Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making i...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872336/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29518906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4010033 |
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author | Campuzano, Althea Wormley, Floyd L. |
author_facet | Campuzano, Althea Wormley, Floyd L. |
author_sort | Campuzano, Althea |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making it incumbent upon the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of pulmonary phagocytes to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of fungi. The main challenges impeding the ability of pulmonary phagocytes to effectively recognize Cryptococcus include the presence of the yeast’s large polysaccharide capsule, as well as other cryptococcal virulence factors that mask fungal PAMPs and help Cryptococcus evade detection and subsequent activation of the immune system. This review will highlight key phagocyte cell populations and the arsenal of PRRs present on these cells, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and soluble receptors. Additionally, we will highlight critical cryptococcal PAMPs involved in the recognition of Cryptococcus. The question remains as to which PRR–ligand interaction is necessary for the recognition, phagocytosis, and subsequent killing of Cryptococcus. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5872336 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-58723362018-03-30 Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination Campuzano, Althea Wormley, Floyd L. J Fungi (Basel) Review Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making it incumbent upon the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of pulmonary phagocytes to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of fungi. The main challenges impeding the ability of pulmonary phagocytes to effectively recognize Cryptococcus include the presence of the yeast’s large polysaccharide capsule, as well as other cryptococcal virulence factors that mask fungal PAMPs and help Cryptococcus evade detection and subsequent activation of the immune system. This review will highlight key phagocyte cell populations and the arsenal of PRRs present on these cells, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and soluble receptors. Additionally, we will highlight critical cryptococcal PAMPs involved in the recognition of Cryptococcus. The question remains as to which PRR–ligand interaction is necessary for the recognition, phagocytosis, and subsequent killing of Cryptococcus. MDPI 2018-03-07 /pmc/articles/PMC5872336/ /pubmed/29518906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4010033 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Campuzano, Althea Wormley, Floyd L. Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination |
title | Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination |
title_full | Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination |
title_fullStr | Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination |
title_full_unstemmed | Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination |
title_short | Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination |
title_sort | innate immunity against cryptococcus, from recognition to elimination |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872336/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29518906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4010033 |
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