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Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination

Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making i...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Campuzano, Althea, Wormley, Floyd L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872336/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29518906
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4010033
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author Campuzano, Althea
Wormley, Floyd L.
author_facet Campuzano, Althea
Wormley, Floyd L.
author_sort Campuzano, Althea
collection PubMed
description Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making it incumbent upon the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of pulmonary phagocytes to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of fungi. The main challenges impeding the ability of pulmonary phagocytes to effectively recognize Cryptococcus include the presence of the yeast’s large polysaccharide capsule, as well as other cryptococcal virulence factors that mask fungal PAMPs and help Cryptococcus evade detection and subsequent activation of the immune system. This review will highlight key phagocyte cell populations and the arsenal of PRRs present on these cells, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and soluble receptors. Additionally, we will highlight critical cryptococcal PAMPs involved in the recognition of Cryptococcus. The question remains as to which PRR–ligand interaction is necessary for the recognition, phagocytosis, and subsequent killing of Cryptococcus.
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spelling pubmed-58723362018-03-30 Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination Campuzano, Althea Wormley, Floyd L. J Fungi (Basel) Review Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making it incumbent upon the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of pulmonary phagocytes to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of fungi. The main challenges impeding the ability of pulmonary phagocytes to effectively recognize Cryptococcus include the presence of the yeast’s large polysaccharide capsule, as well as other cryptococcal virulence factors that mask fungal PAMPs and help Cryptococcus evade detection and subsequent activation of the immune system. This review will highlight key phagocyte cell populations and the arsenal of PRRs present on these cells, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and soluble receptors. Additionally, we will highlight critical cryptococcal PAMPs involved in the recognition of Cryptococcus. The question remains as to which PRR–ligand interaction is necessary for the recognition, phagocytosis, and subsequent killing of Cryptococcus. MDPI 2018-03-07 /pmc/articles/PMC5872336/ /pubmed/29518906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4010033 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Campuzano, Althea
Wormley, Floyd L.
Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
title Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
title_full Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
title_fullStr Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
title_full_unstemmed Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
title_short Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination
title_sort innate immunity against cryptococcus, from recognition to elimination
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872336/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29518906
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4010033
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