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Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life

Iodine is an essential micronutrient incorporated into thyroid hormones. Although iodine deficiency can lead to a broad spectrum of disorders throughout life, it is most critical in the early stages of development, as the foetal brain is extremely dependent on iodine supply. During the last two deca...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Velasco, Inés, Bath, Sarah C., Rayman, Margaret P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872708/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29494508
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030290
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author Velasco, Inés
Bath, Sarah C.
Rayman, Margaret P.
author_facet Velasco, Inés
Bath, Sarah C.
Rayman, Margaret P.
author_sort Velasco, Inés
collection PubMed
description Iodine is an essential micronutrient incorporated into thyroid hormones. Although iodine deficiency can lead to a broad spectrum of disorders throughout life, it is most critical in the early stages of development, as the foetal brain is extremely dependent on iodine supply. During the last two decades, our understanding of thyroid physiology during gestation has substantially improved. Furthermore, thyroid hormone receptors have been identified and characterised in placental and embryonic tissues, allowing us to elucidate the maternal-foetal transfer of thyroid hormones. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the cyto-architecture of the cerebral cortex can be irreversibly disturbed in iodine deficiency causing abnormal neuron migratory patterns which are associated with cognitive impairment in children. In this context, the role of iodine as key factor in the programming of foetal and infant neurodevelopment, needs to be revisited with a special focus on areas of mild to moderate iodine deficiency. The objective of this review is to summarize the available evidence from both animals and human studies, for the effect of iodine deficiency (particularly, of maternal hypothyroxinemia) on brain development and neurological or behavioural disorders, such as lower intelligence quotient (IQ) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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spelling pubmed-58727082018-03-30 Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life Velasco, Inés Bath, Sarah C. Rayman, Margaret P. Nutrients Review Iodine is an essential micronutrient incorporated into thyroid hormones. Although iodine deficiency can lead to a broad spectrum of disorders throughout life, it is most critical in the early stages of development, as the foetal brain is extremely dependent on iodine supply. During the last two decades, our understanding of thyroid physiology during gestation has substantially improved. Furthermore, thyroid hormone receptors have been identified and characterised in placental and embryonic tissues, allowing us to elucidate the maternal-foetal transfer of thyroid hormones. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the cyto-architecture of the cerebral cortex can be irreversibly disturbed in iodine deficiency causing abnormal neuron migratory patterns which are associated with cognitive impairment in children. In this context, the role of iodine as key factor in the programming of foetal and infant neurodevelopment, needs to be revisited with a special focus on areas of mild to moderate iodine deficiency. The objective of this review is to summarize the available evidence from both animals and human studies, for the effect of iodine deficiency (particularly, of maternal hypothyroxinemia) on brain development and neurological or behavioural disorders, such as lower intelligence quotient (IQ) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MDPI 2018-03-01 /pmc/articles/PMC5872708/ /pubmed/29494508 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030290 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Velasco, Inés
Bath, Sarah C.
Rayman, Margaret P.
Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life
title Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life
title_full Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life
title_fullStr Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life
title_full_unstemmed Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life
title_short Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life
title_sort iodine as essential nutrient during the first 1000 days of life
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872708/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29494508
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030290
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