Effects of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on toxicity and bioaccumulation of lead in Daphnia magna

Increased production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their widespread application in industrial and consumer products have led to a rise in the release of CNTs into the aquatic environment. CNTs have a very strong adsorption affinity for various environmental contaminants; therefore, they may also influence the toxic effects of other pollutants, such as toxic metals. In this study, the effect of two different functionalized carbon nanotubes, carboxylate and polyethyleneimine modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (C-MWCNTs and N-MWCNT, respectively) on lead toxicity and bioaccumulation was investigated with a freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity results indicate that the different surface properties of the two types of MWCNTs have different effects on lead toxicity to D. magna. The negatively charged C-MWCNT showed a notable decrease in lead toxicity (LC(50) value increased from 0.15 mg L(-1) to 1.08 mg L(-1) in the presence of 10 mg L(-1) C-MWCNT), whereas the positively charged N-MWCNT had only a slight effect on lead toxicity (LC(50) value increased from 0.15 mg L(-1) to 0.16 mg L(-1) in the presence of 10 mg L(-1) N-MWCNT). The decrease of lead toxicity was related with the reduced bioavailability of free metal form (Pb(2+)) caused by greater adsorption of lead onto the MWCNTs. The present study suggests that there is a need to consider carefully the complex interaction of CNTs with toxic metals in future ecotoxicological studies.