Changes in natural killer cells and exhausted memory regulatory T Cells with corticosteroid therapy in acute autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune‐mediated liver disease currently treated by immunosuppressive medications with significant side effects. Thus, novel mechanistic treatments are greatly needed. We performed prospective deep immunophenotyping of blood immune cells in patients with acute AIH before and after corticosteroid therapy. Blood samples from 26 patients with acute AIH (United Kingdom‐AIH Consortium) were phenotyped by flow cytometry at baseline and 4 months after starting corticosteroids. Pretreatment liver tissues were stained for forkhead box P3‐positive (FOXP3(POS)) regulatory T cells (Tregs), clusters of differentiation (CD)56(POS) natural killer (NK) cells, and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 10. Chemokine secretion by cultured primary hepatocyte and biliary epithelial cells was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Functional coculture assays with stimulated NK cells and Tregs were performed. CD161 ligand, lectin‐like transcript‐1 expression by intrahepatic immune cells was demonstrated with flow cytometry. Frequencies of NK(bright) cells declined with therapy (P < 0.001) and correlated with levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.023). The Treg:NK(bright) ratio was lower pretreatment, and Tregs had an activated memory phenotype with high levels of CD39, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, and FOXP3 but also high programmed death ligand 1, indicating exhaustion. Coculture experiments suggested the Tregs could not efficiently suppress interferon‐γ secretion by NK cells. Both Tregs and NK cells had high expression of liver infiltration and T helper 17 plasticity‐associated marker CD161 (P = 0.04). Pretreatment and CD161(pos) NK cells expressed high levels of perforin and granzyme B, consistent with an activated effector phenotype (P < 0.05). Lectin‐like transcript 1, a ligand for CD161, is expressed on intrahepatic B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Conclusion: Activated effector NK cells, which correlate with biochemical measurements of hepatitis, and exhausted memory Tregs are increased in the blood of patients with treatment‐naive AIH and decline with corticosteroid therapy. Inadequate regulation of NK cells by exhausted FOXP3(pos) Tregs may play a role in AIH pathogenesis and contribute to liver injury. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:421‐436)