Contribution of Ambient Ozone to Changes in Scots Pine Defoliation. Step II of Lithuanian Studies

This study aimed to explore if changes in peak ozone (O(3)) concentrations may reinforce the phytotoxic effects of air concentration of acidifying compounds and their deposition, as well as unfavorable climatic factors on pine crown defoliation. Forty-eight pine stands with more than 8000 sample pine trees have been monitored annually. The impact of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) on pine defoliation was found to be the most significant. The impacts of peak O(3) concentrations, acid deposition, and amount of precipitation were considerably lower, whereas the impact of air temperature, the least. Contribution of peak O(3) concentrations to the integrated impact of acid deposition and amount of precipitation on pine defoliation was most significant, whereas the contribution to the impact of acidifying air compounds, mainly SO(2), was the least. No synergetic effect between peak O(3) concentrations and high temperature during vegetation period was detected.