In situ observation of localized, sub-mm scale changes of phosphorus biogeochemistry in the rhizosphere

AIMS: We imaged the sub-mm distribution of labile P and pH in the rhizosphere of three plant species to localize zones and hot spots of P depletion and accumulation along individual root axes and to relate our findings to nutrient acquisition / root exudation strategies in P-limited conditions at different soil pH, and to mobilization pattern of other elements (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn) in the rhizosphere. METHODS: Sub-mm distributions of labile elemental patterns were sampled using diffusive gradients in thin films and analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. pH images were taken using planar optodes. RESULTS: We found distinct patterns of highly localized labile P depletion and accumulation reflecting the complex interaction of plant P acquisition strategies with soil pH, fertilizer treatment, root age, and elements (Al, Fe, Ca) that are involved in P biogeochemistry in soil. We show that the plants respond to P deficiency either by acidification or alkalization, depending on initial bulk soil pH and other factors of P solubility. CONCLUSIONS: P solubilization activities of roots are highly localized, typically around root apices, but may also extend towards the extension / root hair zone. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11104-017-3542-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.