Peroxiredoxin as a functional endogenous antioxidant enzyme in pronuclei of mouse zygotes

Antioxidant mechanisms to adequately moderate levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for oocytes and embryos to obtain and maintain developmental competence, respectively. Immediately after fertilization, ROS levels in zygotes are elevated but the antioxidant mechanisms during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) are not well understood. First, we identified peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) and PRDX2 by proteomics analysis as two of the most abundant endogenous antioxidant enzymes eliminating hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). We here report the cellular localization of hyperoxidized PRDX and its involvement in the antioxidant mechanisms of freshly fertilized oocytes. Treatment of zygotes at the pronuclear stage with H(2)O(2) enhanced pronuclear localization of hyperoxidized PRDX in zygotes and concurrently impaired the generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) on the male genome, which is an epigenetic reprogramming event that occurs at the pronuclear stage. Thus, our results suggest that endogenous PRDX is involved in antioxidant mechanisms and epigenetic reprogramming during MZT.