Effect of antibiotic use for acute bronchiolitis on new-onset asthma in children

Early-life use of antibiotics is associated with asthma. We examined the effect of antibiotic use for early-life bronchiolitis on the development of new-onset asthma in children from Taiwan between 2005 and 2010. Data were from the National Health Insurance Research Database 2010, and diseases were coded using the International Classification of Disease (ICD). We classified the patients, all of whom had bronchiolitis, as having asthma or not having asthma. Asthma was diagnosed using ICD criteria and by use of an inhaled bronchodilator and/or corticosteroid twice in one year. We identified age at asthma onset, sex, residential area, history of atopy and NSAID use, age at first use of antibiotics, and the specific antibiotic, and adjusted for these factors using conditional logistic regression analysis. Among all individuals, there was a relationship between risk of new-onset asthma with use of a high dose of an antibiotic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.67–4.15). Among the different antibiotics, macrolides (aOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.99–4.16), and azithromycin specifically (aOR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.62–7.36), had the greatest effect of development of asthma.