Cell‐free lncRNA expression signatures in urine serve as novel non‐invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and recurrence prediction of bladder cancer

Cell‐free long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are stably present in urine and can serve as non‐invasive biomarkers for cancer. We aimed to identify signatures of lncRNAs in urine for diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer (BC). Screening of lncRNAs by microarray analysis was performed using urine samples of 10 BC patients and 10 controls. Expressions of candidate lncRNAs were evaluated in the training and validation set including 230 BC patients and 230 controls by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). A two‐lncRNA panel (uc004cox.4 and GAS5) was constructed and provided high diagnostic accuracy of BC with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.885 (95% CI, 0.836‐0.924). The AUCs of the lncRNA panel for Ta, T1 and T2‐T4 were 0.843, 0.867 and 0.923, respectively, significantly higher than those of urine cytology (all P < .05). Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed that higher level of uc004cox.4 was associated with poor recurrence‐free survival (RFS) of non‐muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) (P = .008). Additionally, Cox regression analysis indicated that uc004cox.4 was an independent prognostic factor for RFS of NMIBC (P = .018). Taken together, our findings indicated that urinary lncRNA signatures possessed potential clinical value for BC diagnosis. Moreover, uc004cox.4 could provide prognostic information for NMIBC.