A Facile Method for the Preparation of Colored Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x) Nanosheets with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity

Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x) nanosheet photocatalysts with abundant oxygen vacancies are fabricated by a facile solid-state chemical reduction method for the first time. This method is simple in operation, has short reaction time, and can be conducted at mild temperatures (300~400 °C). The electron paramagnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, and positron annihilation lifetime spectra results indicate that oxygen vacancies are produced in Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x), and they can be adjusted by tuning the reduction reaction conditions. Control experiments show that the reduction time and temperature have great influences on the photocatalytic activities of Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x). The optimal Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x) is the sample undergoing the reduction treatment at 350 °C for 60 min and it affords a hydrogen evolution rate of 129 μmol·g(−1)·h(−1) under visible-light irradiation, which is about 3.4 times that of the pristine Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12). The Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x) photocatalysts have good reusability and storage stability and can be used to decompose formaldehyde and formic acid for hydrogen production. The surface oxygen vacancies states result in the broadening of the valence band and the narrowing of the band gap. Such energy level structure variation helps promote the separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs thus leading to enhancement in the visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Meanwhile, the narrowing of the band gap leads to a broader visible light absorption of Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12−x).