Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Interleukin‐6 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

To explore the role of cytokines in tumor development and clinical manifestations, we examined the expressions of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in tumor tissues obtained from 57 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their relationships to pathological grade and staging. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay on the tumor tissues demonstrated elevated concentrations of TNF‐α and IL‐6 proteins and upregulated mRNA levels were detected by the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction method when compared to those in normal control tissues. These cytokines and their transcripts were localized in stromal macrophages and in the tumor cells in particular of the front area of tumor issues, possibly indicating active synthesis of these cytokines by tumor cells. Larger‐sized tumors (T3, 4) contained significantly greater levels of IL‐6 proteins than small‐sized tumors (T1, 2) (P < 0.05). The levels of these cytokines were significantly reduced in cases with effective pre‐treatment with radiation or anti‐cancer agents compared to those in the less effective group (P < 0.05, grade IIa vs. grade IV for both TNF‐α and IL‐6). The present study thus demonstrated enhanced expression of cytokines in OSCC tissues.