Lanthanide doping induced electrochemical enhancement of Na(2)Ti(3)O(7) anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Na(2)Ti(3)O(7) is considered as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its excellent high-rate performance compared with hard carbons. However, the electrochemical performance of Na(2)Ti(3)O(7) is heavily limited by its low electrical conductivity. In this study, we synthesized a series of lanthanide (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Er, and Yb) doped microsized Na(2)Ti(3)O(7) anode materials and systematically studied the electrochemical performance. Compared with pristine Na(2)Ti(3)O(7), all the doped samples show superior electrochemical performance. Especially, the Yb(3+) doped sample not only delivers a high reversible capacity of 89.4 mA h g(–1) at 30C, but also maintains 71.6 mA h g(–1) at 5C after 1600 cycles, nearly twice that of pristine Na(2)Ti(3)O(7). It is found for the first time that the enhancement in doped samples is attributed to the introduction of lanthanides which induces lattice distortion and oxygen vacancies.