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The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious state
Neocortical pyramidal cells can integrate two classes of input separately and use one to modulate response to the other. Their tuft dendrites are electrotonically separated from basal dendrites and soma by the apical dendrite, and apical hyperpolarization-activated currents (I(h)) further isolate su...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5934888/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29877512 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nc/niw015 |
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author | Phillips, W. A. Larkum, M. E. Harley, C. W. Silverstein, S. M. |
author_facet | Phillips, W. A. Larkum, M. E. Harley, C. W. Silverstein, S. M. |
author_sort | Phillips, W. A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Neocortical pyramidal cells can integrate two classes of input separately and use one to modulate response to the other. Their tuft dendrites are electrotonically separated from basal dendrites and soma by the apical dendrite, and apical hyperpolarization-activated currents (I(h)) further isolate subthreshold integration of tuft inputs. When apical depolarization exceeds a threshold, however, it can enhance response to the basal inputs that specify the cell’s selective sensitivity. This process is referred to as apical amplification (AA). We review evidence suggesting that, by regulating I(h) in the apical compartments, adrenergic arousal controls the coupling between apical and somatic integration zones thus modifying cognitive capabilities closely associated with consciousness. Evidence relating AA to schizophrenia, sleep, and anesthesia is reviewed, and we assess theories that emphasize the relevance of AA to consciousness. Implications for theories of neocortical computation that emphasize context-sensitive modulation are summarized. We conclude that the findings concerning AA and its regulation by arousal offer a new perspective on states of consciousness, the function and evolution of neocortex, and psychopathology. Many issues worthy of closer examination arise. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5934888 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-59348882018-06-06 The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious state Phillips, W. A. Larkum, M. E. Harley, C. W. Silverstein, S. M. Neurosci Conscious Review Article Neocortical pyramidal cells can integrate two classes of input separately and use one to modulate response to the other. Their tuft dendrites are electrotonically separated from basal dendrites and soma by the apical dendrite, and apical hyperpolarization-activated currents (I(h)) further isolate subthreshold integration of tuft inputs. When apical depolarization exceeds a threshold, however, it can enhance response to the basal inputs that specify the cell’s selective sensitivity. This process is referred to as apical amplification (AA). We review evidence suggesting that, by regulating I(h) in the apical compartments, adrenergic arousal controls the coupling between apical and somatic integration zones thus modifying cognitive capabilities closely associated with consciousness. Evidence relating AA to schizophrenia, sleep, and anesthesia is reviewed, and we assess theories that emphasize the relevance of AA to consciousness. Implications for theories of neocortical computation that emphasize context-sensitive modulation are summarized. We conclude that the findings concerning AA and its regulation by arousal offer a new perspective on states of consciousness, the function and evolution of neocortex, and psychopathology. Many issues worthy of closer examination arise. Oxford University Press 2016-09-11 /pmc/articles/PMC5934888/ /pubmed/29877512 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nc/niw015 Text en © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com |
spellingShingle | Review Article Phillips, W. A. Larkum, M. E. Harley, C. W. Silverstein, S. M. The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious state |
title | The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious
state |
title_full | The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious
state |
title_fullStr | The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious
state |
title_full_unstemmed | The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious
state |
title_short | The effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious
state |
title_sort | effects of arousal on apical amplification and conscious
state |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5934888/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29877512 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nc/niw015 |
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