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Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues

One of the most challenging goals in pharmacological research is overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to deliver drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The use of physical means, such as steady and alternating magnetic fields to drive nanocarriers with proper magnetic characteristics may pro...

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Autores principales: D’Agata, Federico, Ruffinatti, Federico Alessandro, Boschi, Silvia, Stura, Ilaria, Rainero, Innocenzo, Abollino, Ornella, Cavalli, Roberta, Guiot, Caterina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943969/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267188
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010009
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author D’Agata, Federico
Ruffinatti, Federico Alessandro
Boschi, Silvia
Stura, Ilaria
Rainero, Innocenzo
Abollino, Ornella
Cavalli, Roberta
Guiot, Caterina
author_facet D’Agata, Federico
Ruffinatti, Federico Alessandro
Boschi, Silvia
Stura, Ilaria
Rainero, Innocenzo
Abollino, Ornella
Cavalli, Roberta
Guiot, Caterina
author_sort D’Agata, Federico
collection PubMed
description One of the most challenging goals in pharmacological research is overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to deliver drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The use of physical means, such as steady and alternating magnetic fields to drive nanocarriers with proper magnetic characteristics may prove to be a useful strategy. The present review aims at providing an up-to-date picture of the applications of magnetic-driven nanotheranostics agents to the CNS. Although well consolidated on physical ground, some of the techniques described herein are still under investigation on in vitro or in silico models, while others have already entered in—or are close to—clinical validation. The review provides a concise overview of the physical principles underlying the behavior of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) interacting with an external magnetic field. Thereafter we describe the physiological pathways by which a substance can reach the brain from the bloodstream and then we focus on those MNP applications that aim at a nondestructive crossing of the BBB such as static magnetic fields to facilitate the passage of drugs and alternating magnetic fields to increment BBB permeability by magnetic heating. In conclusion, we briefly cite the most notable biomedical applications of MNPs and some relevant remarks about their safety and potential toxicity.
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spelling pubmed-59439692018-11-13 Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues D’Agata, Federico Ruffinatti, Federico Alessandro Boschi, Silvia Stura, Ilaria Rainero, Innocenzo Abollino, Ornella Cavalli, Roberta Guiot, Caterina Molecules Review One of the most challenging goals in pharmacological research is overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to deliver drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The use of physical means, such as steady and alternating magnetic fields to drive nanocarriers with proper magnetic characteristics may prove to be a useful strategy. The present review aims at providing an up-to-date picture of the applications of magnetic-driven nanotheranostics agents to the CNS. Although well consolidated on physical ground, some of the techniques described herein are still under investigation on in vitro or in silico models, while others have already entered in—or are close to—clinical validation. The review provides a concise overview of the physical principles underlying the behavior of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) interacting with an external magnetic field. Thereafter we describe the physiological pathways by which a substance can reach the brain from the bloodstream and then we focus on those MNP applications that aim at a nondestructive crossing of the BBB such as static magnetic fields to facilitate the passage of drugs and alternating magnetic fields to increment BBB permeability by magnetic heating. In conclusion, we briefly cite the most notable biomedical applications of MNPs and some relevant remarks about their safety and potential toxicity. MDPI 2017-12-21 /pmc/articles/PMC5943969/ /pubmed/29267188 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010009 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
D’Agata, Federico
Ruffinatti, Federico Alessandro
Boschi, Silvia
Stura, Ilaria
Rainero, Innocenzo
Abollino, Ornella
Cavalli, Roberta
Guiot, Caterina
Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues
title Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues
title_full Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues
title_fullStr Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues
title_full_unstemmed Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues
title_short Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System: Targeting Principles, Applications and Safety Issues
title_sort magnetic nanoparticles in the central nervous system: targeting principles, applications and safety issues
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943969/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267188
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010009
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