Highly Efficient Low-Temperature N-Doped TiO(2) Catalysts for Visible Light Photocatalytic Applications

In this paper, TiO(2) prepared with an aqueous sol-gel synthesis by peptization process is doped with nitrogen precursor to extend its activity towards the visible region. Three N-precursors are used: urea, ethylenediamine and triethylamine. Different molar N/Ti ratios are tested and the synthesis is adapted for each dopant. For urea- and trimethylamine-doped samples, anatase-brookite TiO(2) nanoparticles of 6–8 nm are formed, with a specific surface area between 200 and 275 m(2)·g(−1). In ethylenediamine-doped samples, the formation of rutile phase is observed, and TiO(2) nanoparticles of 6–8 nm with a specific surface area between 185 and 240 m(2)·g(−1) are obtained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and diffuse reflectance measurements show the incorporation of nitrogen in TiO(2) materials through Ti–O–N bonds allowing light absorption in the visible region. Photocatalytic tests on the remediation of water polluted with p-nitrophenol show a marked improvement for all doped catalysts under visible light. The optimum doping, taking into account cost, activity and ease of synthesis, is up-scaled to a volume of 5 L and compared to commercial Degussa P25 material. This up-scaled sample shows similar properties compared to the lab-scale sample, i.e., a photoactivity 4 times higher than commercial P25.