Myocardial (123)I-mIBG scintigraphy in relation to markers of inflammation and long-term clinical outcome in patients with stable chronic heart failure

AIM: Chronic heart failure (CHF) results in both increased cardiac sympathetic activity and myocardial inflammation. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between severity of heart failure (i.e., NT-proBNP and LVEF), cardiac sympathetic activity ((123)I-mIBG scintigraphy), and measures of inflammation in subjects with stable, optimally treated CHF. In addition, the predictive value for cardiac events (i.e., ventricular arrhythmia, progression of CHF and cardiac death) of (123)I-mIBG parameters and these inflammatory markers was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five CHF patients (age 66.3 ± 8.0 years, 78% male, LVEF 22.4 ± 6.3) referred for cardiac (123)I-mIBG imaging were included. At 15 minutes (early) and 4 hours (late) after i.v. administration of (123)I-mIBG (185 MBq), planar images were acquired. Early Heart/Mediastinum (H/M) ratio, late H/M ratio, and (123)I-mIBG washout (WO) were calculated. NT-proBNP and markers of inflammation (i.e., C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble (s)E-selectin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tPA, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1 and 2, and interferon (IFN) α and β) were measured in blood plasma samples, taken just before (123)I-mIBG administration. RESULTS: Mean early H/M ratio was 2.12 ± 0.39, late H/M ratio was 1.84 ± 0.40, and (123)I-mIBG WO was 13.0 ± 10.9. LVEF was the only independent predictor of late H/M ratio (adjusted R (2) = 0.100, p = 0.011). NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of (123)I-mIBG WO (adjusted R (2) = 0.090, p = 0.015). CRP, IL12p40, TNF-α, sE-selectin, MPO, PAI-1, tPA, and TNFR2 were not related to late H/M ratio and (123)I-mIBG WO. During a median follow-up of 34 months (2–58 months), 13 patients experienced a cardiac event [ventricular arrhythmia (4), progression of CHF (4), and cardiac death (5)]. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of a cardiac event was associated with CRP (HR 1.047 [1.013–1.081]), NT-proBNP (HR 1.141 [1.011–1.288]), MPO (HR 0.998 [0.996–1.000]), and late H/M ratio (HR 0.182 [0.035–0.946]). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that only CRP, NT-proBNP, MPO, and IL-12p40 were predictors of a cardiac event. CONCLUSION: Inflammation and cardiac sympathetic activity seem not to be related in stable CHF patients. This is corroborated by the finding that they both provide prognostic information in this specific CHF population. The current findings should be regarded as insightful but preliminary. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12350-016-0697-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.