Neglecting the fallow season can significantly underestimate annual methane emissions in Mediterranean rice fields

Paddy rice fields are one of the most important sources of anthropogenic methane. Improving the accuracy in the CH(4) budget is fundamental to identify strategies to mitigate climate change. Such improvement requires a mechanistic understanding of the complex interactions between environmental and agronomic factors determining CH(4) emissions, and also the characterization of the annual temporal CH(4) emissions pattern in the whole crop cycle. Hence, both the growing and fallow seasons must be included. However, most of the previous research has been based on single-factor analyses that are focused on the growing season. In order to fill this gap, a study was conducted in a Mediterranean rice agrosystem (Ebre Delta, Catalonia) following a farm-to-farm approach with the purpose of 1) evaluating the cumulative and temporal pattern of CH(4) emission, and 2) conducting a multi-variate analyses to assess the associative pattern, relative contribution and temporal variation of the main explanatory variables concerning the observed CH(4) emissions. Measurements of CH(4) emissions and agronomic and environmental parameters in 15 commercial rice fields were monitored monthly, during a whole crop field cycle. The temporal pattern of CH(4) emission followed a bi-modal distribution peaking in August and October. The cumulative annual CH(4) emissions from rice fields amounted 314 kg CH(4) kg ha(-1), of which ca. 70% were emitted during the fallow season. The main controlling factors of the CH(4) emission rate in the growing season were positive related to water level and plant cover, while soil redox was negatively related. The main controlling factors in the fallow season were water level (negatively related, conversely to the growing season), as well as straw incorporation and soil temperature (positively related). The results of this study highlight the importance of the often neglected fallow season in the accurate estimation of CH(4) emissions and, thus, the necessity of measurement programs that cover the whole crop field cycle. This information is the first step for setting effective mitigation strategies based on straw and water management.