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Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?

The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an “inside-outside” manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes ar...

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Autores principales: Denley, Matthew C. S., Gatford, Nicholas J. F., Sellers, Katherine J., Srivastava, Deepak P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981095/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29887794
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00245
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author Denley, Matthew C. S.
Gatford, Nicholas J. F.
Sellers, Katherine J.
Srivastava, Deepak P.
author_facet Denley, Matthew C. S.
Gatford, Nicholas J. F.
Sellers, Katherine J.
Srivastava, Deepak P.
author_sort Denley, Matthew C. S.
collection PubMed
description The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an “inside-outside” manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex.
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spelling pubmed-59810952018-06-08 Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role? Denley, Matthew C. S. Gatford, Nicholas J. F. Sellers, Katherine J. Srivastava, Deepak P. Front Neurosci Neuroscience The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an “inside-outside” manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-05-25 /pmc/articles/PMC5981095/ /pubmed/29887794 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00245 Text en Copyright © 2018 Denley, Gatford, Sellers and Srivastava. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Denley, Matthew C. S.
Gatford, Nicholas J. F.
Sellers, Katherine J.
Srivastava, Deepak P.
Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?
title Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?
title_full Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?
title_fullStr Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?
title_full_unstemmed Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?
title_short Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role?
title_sort estradiol and the development of the cerebral cortex: an unexpected role?
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981095/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29887794
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00245
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