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CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models
Regulation of immune responses is critical for ensuring pathogen clearance and for preventing reaction against self-antigens. Failure or breakdown of immunological tolerance results in autoimmunity. CD28 is an important co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells that, upon specific ligand binding,...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
F1000 Research Limited
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29904580 http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14046.1 |
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author | Porciello, Nicla Kunkl, Martina Tuosto, Loretta |
author_facet | Porciello, Nicla Kunkl, Martina Tuosto, Loretta |
author_sort | Porciello, Nicla |
collection | PubMed |
description | Regulation of immune responses is critical for ensuring pathogen clearance and for preventing reaction against self-antigens. Failure or breakdown of immunological tolerance results in autoimmunity. CD28 is an important co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells that, upon specific ligand binding, delivers signals essential for full T-cell activation and for the development and homeostasis of suppressive regulatory T cells. Many in vivo mouse models have been used for understanding the role of CD28 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, thus leading to the development of CD28 signaling modulators that have been approved for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Despite all of this progress, a deeper understanding of the differences between the mouse and human receptor is required to allow a safe translation of pre-clinical studies in efficient therapies. In this review, we discuss the role of CD28 in tolerance and autoimmunity and the clinical efficacy of drugs that block or enhance CD28 signaling, by highlighting the success and failure of pre-clinical studies, when translated to humans. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5981186 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | F1000 Research Limited |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-59811862018-06-13 CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models Porciello, Nicla Kunkl, Martina Tuosto, Loretta F1000Res Review Regulation of immune responses is critical for ensuring pathogen clearance and for preventing reaction against self-antigens. Failure or breakdown of immunological tolerance results in autoimmunity. CD28 is an important co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells that, upon specific ligand binding, delivers signals essential for full T-cell activation and for the development and homeostasis of suppressive regulatory T cells. Many in vivo mouse models have been used for understanding the role of CD28 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, thus leading to the development of CD28 signaling modulators that have been approved for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Despite all of this progress, a deeper understanding of the differences between the mouse and human receptor is required to allow a safe translation of pre-clinical studies in efficient therapies. In this review, we discuss the role of CD28 in tolerance and autoimmunity and the clinical efficacy of drugs that block or enhance CD28 signaling, by highlighting the success and failure of pre-clinical studies, when translated to humans. F1000 Research Limited 2018-05-30 /pmc/articles/PMC5981186/ /pubmed/29904580 http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14046.1 Text en Copyright: © 2018 Porciello N et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Porciello, Nicla Kunkl, Martina Tuosto, Loretta CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
title | CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
title_full | CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
title_fullStr | CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
title_full_unstemmed | CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
title_short | CD28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
title_sort | cd28 between tolerance and autoimmunity: the side effects of animal models |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29904580 http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14046.1 |
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