Molecular evolution between chemistry and biology: The interplay of competition, cooperation, and mutation

Biological evolution is reduced to three fundamental processes in the spirit of a minimal model: (i) Competition caused by differential fitness, (ii) cooperation of competitors in the sense of symbiosis, and (iii) variation introduced by mutation understood as error-prone reproduction. The three combinations of two fundamental processes each, ([Formula: see text] ) competition and mutation, ([Formula: see text] ) cooperation and competition, and ([Formula: see text] ) cooperation and mutation, are analyzed. Changes in population dynamics that are induced by bifurcations and threshold phenomena are discussed.