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Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a nicotine patch worn for four weeks before a quit attempt. DESIGN: Randomised controlled open label trial. SETTING: Primary care and smoking cessation clinics in England, 2012-15. PARTICIPANTS: 1792 adults who were daily smokers with tobacco dependence. 89...
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
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Lenguaje: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
2018
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998048/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899061 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2164 |
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collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a nicotine patch worn for four weeks before a quit attempt. DESIGN: Randomised controlled open label trial. SETTING: Primary care and smoking cessation clinics in England, 2012-15. PARTICIPANTS: 1792 adults who were daily smokers with tobacco dependence. 899 were allocated to the preloading arm and 893 to the control arm. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomised 1:1, using concealed randomly permuted blocks stratified by centre, to either standard smoking cessation pharmacotherapy and behavioural support or the same treatment supplemented by four weeks of 21 mg nicotine patch use before quitting: “preloading.” MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed prolonged abstinence at six months. Secondary outcomes were prolonged abstinence at four weeks and 12 months. RESULTS: Biochemically validated abstinence at six months was achieved by 157/899 (17.5%) participants in the preloading arm and 129/893 (14.4%) in the control arm: difference 3.0% (95% confidence interval −0.4% to 6.4%), odds ratio 1.25 (95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.62), P=0.08 in the primary analysis. There was an imbalance between arms in the frequency of varenicline use as post-cessation treatment, and planned adjustment for this gave an odds ratio for the effect of preloading of 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.73), P=0.03: difference 3.8% (0.4% to 7.2%). At four weeks, the difference in prolonged abstinence unadjusted for varenicline use was odds ratio 1.21 (1.00 to 1.48), difference 4.3% (0.0% to 8.7%), P=0.05, and adjusted for varenicline use was 1.32 (1.08 to 1.62) P=0.007. At 12 months the odds ratio was 1.28 (0.97 to 1.69), difference 2.7% (−0.4% to 5.8%), P=0.09 unadjusted for varenicline use and after adjustment was 1.36 (1.02 to 1.80) P=0.04. 5.9% of participants discontinued preloading owing to intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms—chiefly nausea—occurred in 4.0% (2.2% to 5.9%) more people in the preloading arm than control arm. Eight serious adverse events occurred in the preloading arm and eight in the control arm (odds ratio 0.99, 0.36 to 2.75). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence was insufficient to confidently show that nicotine preloading increases subsequent smoking abstinence. The beneficial effect seems to have been masked by a concurrent reduction in the use of varenicline in people using nicotine preloading, and future studies should explore ways to mitigate this unintended effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN33031001. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5998048 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-59980482018-06-13 Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial BMJ Research OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a nicotine patch worn for four weeks before a quit attempt. DESIGN: Randomised controlled open label trial. SETTING: Primary care and smoking cessation clinics in England, 2012-15. PARTICIPANTS: 1792 adults who were daily smokers with tobacco dependence. 899 were allocated to the preloading arm and 893 to the control arm. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomised 1:1, using concealed randomly permuted blocks stratified by centre, to either standard smoking cessation pharmacotherapy and behavioural support or the same treatment supplemented by four weeks of 21 mg nicotine patch use before quitting: “preloading.” MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed prolonged abstinence at six months. Secondary outcomes were prolonged abstinence at four weeks and 12 months. RESULTS: Biochemically validated abstinence at six months was achieved by 157/899 (17.5%) participants in the preloading arm and 129/893 (14.4%) in the control arm: difference 3.0% (95% confidence interval −0.4% to 6.4%), odds ratio 1.25 (95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.62), P=0.08 in the primary analysis. There was an imbalance between arms in the frequency of varenicline use as post-cessation treatment, and planned adjustment for this gave an odds ratio for the effect of preloading of 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.73), P=0.03: difference 3.8% (0.4% to 7.2%). At four weeks, the difference in prolonged abstinence unadjusted for varenicline use was odds ratio 1.21 (1.00 to 1.48), difference 4.3% (0.0% to 8.7%), P=0.05, and adjusted for varenicline use was 1.32 (1.08 to 1.62) P=0.007. At 12 months the odds ratio was 1.28 (0.97 to 1.69), difference 2.7% (−0.4% to 5.8%), P=0.09 unadjusted for varenicline use and after adjustment was 1.36 (1.02 to 1.80) P=0.04. 5.9% of participants discontinued preloading owing to intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms—chiefly nausea—occurred in 4.0% (2.2% to 5.9%) more people in the preloading arm than control arm. Eight serious adverse events occurred in the preloading arm and eight in the control arm (odds ratio 0.99, 0.36 to 2.75). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence was insufficient to confidently show that nicotine preloading increases subsequent smoking abstinence. The beneficial effect seems to have been masked by a concurrent reduction in the use of varenicline in people using nicotine preloading, and future studies should explore ways to mitigate this unintended effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN33031001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. 2018-06-13 /pmc/articles/PMC5998048/ /pubmed/29899061 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2164 Text en Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Research Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
title | Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
title_full | Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
title_fullStr | Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
title_short | Effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
title_sort | effects on abstinence of nicotine patch treatment before quitting smoking: parallel, two arm, pragmatic randomised trial |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998048/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899061 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2164 |
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