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Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers

The requirement to remove apoptotic cells is equally important in homeostasis and inflammatory disease. In particular, during viral infections large quantities of infected cells undergo apoptosis and need to be efficiently cleared by phagocytes to prevent secondary necrosis. Although specific roles...

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Autores principales: Grabiec, Aleksander M, Goenka, Anu, Fife, Mark E, Fujimori, Toshifumi, Hussell, Tracy
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6001567/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29400409
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.201747283
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author Grabiec, Aleksander M
Goenka, Anu
Fife, Mark E
Fujimori, Toshifumi
Hussell, Tracy
author_facet Grabiec, Aleksander M
Goenka, Anu
Fife, Mark E
Fujimori, Toshifumi
Hussell, Tracy
author_sort Grabiec, Aleksander M
collection PubMed
description The requirement to remove apoptotic cells is equally important in homeostasis and inflammatory disease. In particular, during viral infections large quantities of infected cells undergo apoptosis and need to be efficiently cleared by phagocytes to prevent secondary necrosis. Although specific roles of several apoptotic cell sensors, such as the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) receptor family, have been characterized in mouse models, little is known about their regulation and involvement in apoptotic cell uptake (efferocytosis) by human macrophages under inflammatory conditions. We show that whereas pro‐inflammatory stimuli consistently downregulated MerTK expression in human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs), stimuli indicative of a viral infection, interferon‐α (IFN‐α) and the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C), specifically induced Axl expression and promoted binding of the bridging molecule Gas6. Axl induction by IFN‐α and poly(I:C) was associated with higher MDM efferocytic capacity compared to cells treated with other pro‐inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS and IFN‐γ. While MerTK blocking antibody uniformly suppressed apoptotic cell uptake by MDMs, Axl blocking antibody significantly reduced efferocytosis by poly(I:C)‐stimulated MDMs, but not by resting MDMs. Our observations demonstrate that Axl induction during viral infections contributes to maintaining macrophage capacity to engulf apoptotic cells, which may have important consequences for resolution of anti‐viral immune responses.
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spelling pubmed-60015672018-06-21 Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers Grabiec, Aleksander M Goenka, Anu Fife, Mark E Fujimori, Toshifumi Hussell, Tracy Eur J Immunol Immunity to infection The requirement to remove apoptotic cells is equally important in homeostasis and inflammatory disease. In particular, during viral infections large quantities of infected cells undergo apoptosis and need to be efficiently cleared by phagocytes to prevent secondary necrosis. Although specific roles of several apoptotic cell sensors, such as the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) receptor family, have been characterized in mouse models, little is known about their regulation and involvement in apoptotic cell uptake (efferocytosis) by human macrophages under inflammatory conditions. We show that whereas pro‐inflammatory stimuli consistently downregulated MerTK expression in human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs), stimuli indicative of a viral infection, interferon‐α (IFN‐α) and the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C), specifically induced Axl expression and promoted binding of the bridging molecule Gas6. Axl induction by IFN‐α and poly(I:C) was associated with higher MDM efferocytic capacity compared to cells treated with other pro‐inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS and IFN‐γ. While MerTK blocking antibody uniformly suppressed apoptotic cell uptake by MDMs, Axl blocking antibody significantly reduced efferocytosis by poly(I:C)‐stimulated MDMs, but not by resting MDMs. Our observations demonstrate that Axl induction during viral infections contributes to maintaining macrophage capacity to engulf apoptotic cells, which may have important consequences for resolution of anti‐viral immune responses. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2018-02-22 2018-05 /pmc/articles/PMC6001567/ /pubmed/29400409 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.201747283 Text en © 2018 The Authors. European Journal of Immunology published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Immunity to infection
Grabiec, Aleksander M
Goenka, Anu
Fife, Mark E
Fujimori, Toshifumi
Hussell, Tracy
Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
title Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
title_full Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
title_fullStr Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
title_full_unstemmed Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
title_short Axl and MerTK receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
title_sort axl and mertk receptor tyrosine kinases maintain human macrophage efferocytic capacity in the presence of viral triggers
topic Immunity to infection
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6001567/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29400409
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.201747283
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