A full monolayer of superoxide: oxygen activation on the unmodified Ca(3)Ru(2)O(7)(001) surface

Activating the O(2) molecule is at the heart of a variety of technological applications, most prominently in energy conversion schemes including solid oxide fuel cells, electrolysis, and catalysis. Perovskite oxides, both traditionally-used and novel formulations, are the prime candidates in established and emerging energy devices. This work shows that the as-cleaved and unmodified CaO-terminated (001) surface of Ca(3)Ru(2)O(7), a Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite, supports a full monolayer of superoxide ions, O(2)(–), when exposed to molecular O(2). The electrons for activating the molecule are transferred from the subsurface RuO(2) layer. Theoretical calculations using both, density functional theory (DFT) and more accurate methods (RPA), predict the adsorption of O(2)(–) with E(ads) = 0.72 eV and provide a thorough analysis of the charge transfer. Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) are used to resolve single molecules and confirm the predicted adsorption structures. Local contact potential difference (LCPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on the full monolayer of O(2)(–) confirm the negative charge state of the molecules. The present study reports the rare case of an oxide surface without dopants, defects, or low-coordinated sites readily activating molecular O(2).