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Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management
This paper summarizes concepts underlying the atmospheric input of phosphorus (P) to ecosystems, published rates of P deposition, measurement methods, and approaches to future monitoring and research. P conveyed through the atmosphere can be a significant nutrient source for some freshwater and mari...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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TheScientificWorldJOURNAL
2002
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009429/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.813 |
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author | Redfield, Garth W. |
author_facet | Redfield, Garth W. |
author_sort | Redfield, Garth W. |
collection | PubMed |
description | This paper summarizes concepts underlying the atmospheric input of phosphorus (P) to ecosystems, published rates of P deposition, measurement methods, and approaches to future monitoring and research. P conveyed through the atmosphere can be a significant nutrient source for some freshwater and marine ecosystems. Particle sources and sinks at the land-air interface produce variation in P deposition from the atmosphere across temporal and spatial scales. Natural plant canopies can affect deposition rates by changing the physical environment and surface area for particle deposition. Land-use patterns can alter P deposition rates by changing particle concentrations in the atmosphere. The vast majority of P in dry atmospheric deposition is conveyed by coarse (2.5 to 10 μm) and giant (10 to 100 μm) particles, and yet these size fractions represent a challenge for long-term atmospheric monitoring in the absence of accepted methods for routine sampling. Most information on P deposition is from bulk precipitation collectors and wet/dry bucket sampling, both with questionable precision and accuracy. Most published annual rates of P deposition are gross estimates derived from bulk precipitation sampling in locations around the globe and range from about 5 to well over 100 mg P m year, although most inland ecosystems receive between 20 and 80 mg P m year. Rates below 30 mg P m year are found in remote areas and near coastlines. Intermediate rates of 30 to 50 mg P m year are associated with forests or mixed land use, and rates of 50 to 100 mg P m year or more are often recorded from urban or agricultural settings. Comparison with other methods suggests that these bulk precipitation estimates provide crude boundaries around actual P deposition rates for various land uses. However, data screening cannot remove all positive bias caused by contamination of bucket or bulk collectors. As a consequence, continued sampling with these standard collectors in a region will not reduce the large uncertainty in rates derived from existing data. Calibrated surface accumulation methods hold promise as a primary means to estimate P flux in future monitoring. New methods for long-term P deposition monitoring will require an intercomparison of P flux estimates from surrogate surfaces, impactor sampling of particle concentrations combined with deposition models, and “throughfall” estimates for natural canopies. With better sampling methods and more long-term monitoring data, the importance of atmospheric P deposition in ecosystem dynamics and management can be better understood and predicted. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6009429 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2002 |
publisher | TheScientificWorldJOURNAL |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-60094292018-07-04 Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management Redfield, Garth W. ScientificWorldJournal Review Article This paper summarizes concepts underlying the atmospheric input of phosphorus (P) to ecosystems, published rates of P deposition, measurement methods, and approaches to future monitoring and research. P conveyed through the atmosphere can be a significant nutrient source for some freshwater and marine ecosystems. Particle sources and sinks at the land-air interface produce variation in P deposition from the atmosphere across temporal and spatial scales. Natural plant canopies can affect deposition rates by changing the physical environment and surface area for particle deposition. Land-use patterns can alter P deposition rates by changing particle concentrations in the atmosphere. The vast majority of P in dry atmospheric deposition is conveyed by coarse (2.5 to 10 μm) and giant (10 to 100 μm) particles, and yet these size fractions represent a challenge for long-term atmospheric monitoring in the absence of accepted methods for routine sampling. Most information on P deposition is from bulk precipitation collectors and wet/dry bucket sampling, both with questionable precision and accuracy. Most published annual rates of P deposition are gross estimates derived from bulk precipitation sampling in locations around the globe and range from about 5 to well over 100 mg P m year, although most inland ecosystems receive between 20 and 80 mg P m year. Rates below 30 mg P m year are found in remote areas and near coastlines. Intermediate rates of 30 to 50 mg P m year are associated with forests or mixed land use, and rates of 50 to 100 mg P m year or more are often recorded from urban or agricultural settings. Comparison with other methods suggests that these bulk precipitation estimates provide crude boundaries around actual P deposition rates for various land uses. However, data screening cannot remove all positive bias caused by contamination of bucket or bulk collectors. As a consequence, continued sampling with these standard collectors in a region will not reduce the large uncertainty in rates derived from existing data. Calibrated surface accumulation methods hold promise as a primary means to estimate P flux in future monitoring. New methods for long-term P deposition monitoring will require an intercomparison of P flux estimates from surrogate surfaces, impactor sampling of particle concentrations combined with deposition models, and “throughfall” estimates for natural canopies. With better sampling methods and more long-term monitoring data, the importance of atmospheric P deposition in ecosystem dynamics and management can be better understood and predicted. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL 2002-07-03 /pmc/articles/PMC6009429/ /pubmed/12920314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.813 Text en Copyright © 2002 Garth W. Redfield. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Redfield, Garth W. Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management |
title | Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management |
title_full | Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management |
title_fullStr | Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management |
title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management |
title_short | Atmospheric Deposition of Phosphorus to the Everglades: Concepts, Constraints, and Published Deposition Rates for Ecosystem Management |
title_sort | atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to the everglades: concepts, constraints, and published deposition rates for ecosystem management |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009429/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.813 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT redfieldgarthw atmosphericdepositionofphosphorustotheevergladesconceptsconstraintsandpublisheddepositionratesforecosystemmanagement |