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The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack
Seed persistence in the soil is threatened by microorganisms, but the seed coat helps protect the seed from them. Although modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars have a whitish caryopsis, some varieties have a red caryopsis coat, a trait typical of wild Oryza species. The red colour is due to the o...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6023326/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29903992 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4020071 |
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author | Gianinetti, Alberto Finocchiaro, Franca Maisenti, Fabio Kouongni Satsap, Dailly Morcia, Caterina Ghizzoni, Roberta Terzi, Valeria |
author_facet | Gianinetti, Alberto Finocchiaro, Franca Maisenti, Fabio Kouongni Satsap, Dailly Morcia, Caterina Ghizzoni, Roberta Terzi, Valeria |
author_sort | Gianinetti, Alberto |
collection | PubMed |
description | Seed persistence in the soil is threatened by microorganisms, but the seed coat helps protect the seed from them. Although modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars have a whitish caryopsis, some varieties have a red caryopsis coat, a trait typical of wild Oryza species. The red colour is due to the oxidation of proanthocyanidins, a class of flavonoids that is found in the outer layers of the seed in many species. We aimed to assess whether these natural compounds (proanthocyanidins and proanthocyanidin-derived pigment) have some protective effect against microbial attacks. Dehulled caryopses of white-grained and red-grained rice genotypes were employed to assay fungal infection. Specifically, three white-grained rice cultivars (Perla, Augusto, and Koral) and three red-grained rice varieties (Perla Rosso, Augusto Rosso, and Koral Rosso) were used. In a first test, the caryopses were infected with Epicoccum nigrum at 10 °C, and seedling growth was then assessed at 30 °C. In a second test, the degree of infection by the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium sporotrichioides was assayed by measuring the accumulation of T-2/HT-2 toxins in the caryopses. Infection was performed at 10 °C to prevent rice germination while allowing fungal growth. In both the tests, red caryopses showed reduced, or delayed, infection with respect to white ones. One black-grained cultivar (Venere) was assayed for the accumulation of T-2/HT-2 toxins as well, with results corresponding to those of the red-grained rice varieties. We argue that the red pigment accumulating in the caryopsis coat, and/or the proanthocyanidins associated with it, provides a protective barrier against challenging microorganisms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6023326 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-60233262018-07-05 The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack Gianinetti, Alberto Finocchiaro, Franca Maisenti, Fabio Kouongni Satsap, Dailly Morcia, Caterina Ghizzoni, Roberta Terzi, Valeria J Fungi (Basel) Article Seed persistence in the soil is threatened by microorganisms, but the seed coat helps protect the seed from them. Although modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars have a whitish caryopsis, some varieties have a red caryopsis coat, a trait typical of wild Oryza species. The red colour is due to the oxidation of proanthocyanidins, a class of flavonoids that is found in the outer layers of the seed in many species. We aimed to assess whether these natural compounds (proanthocyanidins and proanthocyanidin-derived pigment) have some protective effect against microbial attacks. Dehulled caryopses of white-grained and red-grained rice genotypes were employed to assay fungal infection. Specifically, three white-grained rice cultivars (Perla, Augusto, and Koral) and three red-grained rice varieties (Perla Rosso, Augusto Rosso, and Koral Rosso) were used. In a first test, the caryopses were infected with Epicoccum nigrum at 10 °C, and seedling growth was then assessed at 30 °C. In a second test, the degree of infection by the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium sporotrichioides was assayed by measuring the accumulation of T-2/HT-2 toxins in the caryopses. Infection was performed at 10 °C to prevent rice germination while allowing fungal growth. In both the tests, red caryopses showed reduced, or delayed, infection with respect to white ones. One black-grained cultivar (Venere) was assayed for the accumulation of T-2/HT-2 toxins as well, with results corresponding to those of the red-grained rice varieties. We argue that the red pigment accumulating in the caryopsis coat, and/or the proanthocyanidins associated with it, provides a protective barrier against challenging microorganisms. MDPI 2018-06-14 /pmc/articles/PMC6023326/ /pubmed/29903992 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4020071 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Gianinetti, Alberto Finocchiaro, Franca Maisenti, Fabio Kouongni Satsap, Dailly Morcia, Caterina Ghizzoni, Roberta Terzi, Valeria The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack |
title | The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack |
title_full | The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack |
title_fullStr | The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack |
title_full_unstemmed | The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack |
title_short | The Caryopsis of Red-Grained Rice Has Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Attack |
title_sort | caryopsis of red-grained rice has enhanced resistance to fungal attack |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6023326/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29903992 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4020071 |
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