Identification and annotation of newly conserved microRNAs and their targets in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding and regulatory RNAs produce by cell endogenously. They are 18–26 nucleotides in length and play important roles at the post-transcriptional stage of gene regulation. Evolutionarily, miRNAs are conserved and their conservation plays an important role in the prediction of new miRNAs in different plants. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important diet and consumed as second major crop in the world. This significant cereal crop was focused here through comparative genomics-based approach to identify new conserved miRNAs and their targeted genes. This resulted into a total of 212 new conserved precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) belonging to 185 miRNA families. These newly profiled wheat’s miRNAs are also annotated for stem-loop secondary structures, length distribution, organ of expression, sense/antisense orientation and characterization from their expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Moreover, fifteen miRNAs along with housekeeping gene were randomly selected and subjected to RT-PCR expressional validation. A total of 32927 targets are also predicted and annotated for these newly profiled wheat miRNAs. These targets are found to involve in 50 gene ontology (GO) enrichment terms and significant processes. Some of the significant targets are RNA-dependent DNA replication (GO:0006278), RNA binding (GO:0003723), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity (GO:0003899), magnesium ion transmembrane transporter activity (GO:0015095), antiporter activity (GO:0015297), solute:hydrogen antiporter activity (GO:0015299), protein kinase activity (GO:0004672), ATP binding (GO:0005524), regulation of Rab GTPase activity (GO:0032313) Rab GTPase activator activity (GO:0005097), regulation of signal transduction (GO:0009966) and phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor activity (GO:0004864). These findings will be helpful to manage this economically important grain plant for desirable traits through miRNAs regulation.