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Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B

Toxin-producing strains of Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens cause infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans and ruminants, with the toxins being major virulence factors, essential for the infection, and responsible for the onset of severe symptoms. C. difficile toxin A (...

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Autores principales: Schöttelndreier, Dennis, Seeger, Katrin, Grassl, Guntram A., Winny, Markus R., Lindner, Robert, Genth, Harald
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039548/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30022975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01483
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author Schöttelndreier, Dennis
Seeger, Katrin
Grassl, Guntram A.
Winny, Markus R.
Lindner, Robert
Genth, Harald
author_facet Schöttelndreier, Dennis
Seeger, Katrin
Grassl, Guntram A.
Winny, Markus R.
Lindner, Robert
Genth, Harald
author_sort Schöttelndreier, Dennis
collection PubMed
description Toxin-producing strains of Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens cause infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans and ruminants, with the toxins being major virulence factors, essential for the infection, and responsible for the onset of severe symptoms. C. difficile toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), and the large cytotoxin (TpeL) from C. perfringens are single chain bacterial protein toxins with an AB-like toxin structure. The C-terminal delivery domain mediates cell entry of the N-terminal glycosyltransferase domain by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Several cell surface proteins have been proposed to serve as toxin receptors, including chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), poliovirus receptor-like 3 (PVRL3), and frizzled-1/2/7 (FZD1/2/7) for TcdB and LDL-receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) for TpeL. The expression of the TcdB receptors was investigated in human intestinal organoids (HIOs) and in cultured cell lines. HIOs from four human donors exhibited a comparable profile of receptor expression, with PVRL3, LRP1, and FZD7 being expressed and CSPG4 and FZD2 not being expressed. In human epithelial Caco-2 cells and HT29 cells as well as in immortalized murine fibroblasts, either receptor FZD2/7, CSPG4, PVRL3, and LRP1 was expressed. The question whether the toxins take advantage of the normal turnover of their receptors (i.e., constitutive endocytosis and recycling) from the cell surface or whether the toxins activity induce the internalization of their receptors has not yet been addressed. For the analysis of receptor internalization, temperature-induced uptake of biotinylated toxin receptors into immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and Caco-2 cells was exploited. Solely LRP1 exhibited constitutive endocytosis from the plasma membrane to the endosome, which might be abused by TpeL (and possibly TcdB as well) for cell entry. Furthermore, internalization of CSPG4, PVRL3, FZD2, and FZD7 was observed neither in MEFs nor in Caco-2 cells. FZD2/7, CSPG4, and PVRL3 did thus exhibit no constitutive recycling. The presence of TcdB and the p38 activation induced by anisomycin were not able to induce or enhance CSPG4 or PVRL3 uptake in MEFs. In conclusion, FZD2/7, CSPG4, and PVRL3 seem to serve as cell surface binding receptors rather than internalizing receptors of TcdB.
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spelling pubmed-60395482018-07-18 Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Schöttelndreier, Dennis Seeger, Katrin Grassl, Guntram A. Winny, Markus R. Lindner, Robert Genth, Harald Front Microbiol Microbiology Toxin-producing strains of Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens cause infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans and ruminants, with the toxins being major virulence factors, essential for the infection, and responsible for the onset of severe symptoms. C. difficile toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), and the large cytotoxin (TpeL) from C. perfringens are single chain bacterial protein toxins with an AB-like toxin structure. The C-terminal delivery domain mediates cell entry of the N-terminal glycosyltransferase domain by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Several cell surface proteins have been proposed to serve as toxin receptors, including chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), poliovirus receptor-like 3 (PVRL3), and frizzled-1/2/7 (FZD1/2/7) for TcdB and LDL-receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) for TpeL. The expression of the TcdB receptors was investigated in human intestinal organoids (HIOs) and in cultured cell lines. HIOs from four human donors exhibited a comparable profile of receptor expression, with PVRL3, LRP1, and FZD7 being expressed and CSPG4 and FZD2 not being expressed. In human epithelial Caco-2 cells and HT29 cells as well as in immortalized murine fibroblasts, either receptor FZD2/7, CSPG4, PVRL3, and LRP1 was expressed. The question whether the toxins take advantage of the normal turnover of their receptors (i.e., constitutive endocytosis and recycling) from the cell surface or whether the toxins activity induce the internalization of their receptors has not yet been addressed. For the analysis of receptor internalization, temperature-induced uptake of biotinylated toxin receptors into immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and Caco-2 cells was exploited. Solely LRP1 exhibited constitutive endocytosis from the plasma membrane to the endosome, which might be abused by TpeL (and possibly TcdB as well) for cell entry. Furthermore, internalization of CSPG4, PVRL3, FZD2, and FZD7 was observed neither in MEFs nor in Caco-2 cells. FZD2/7, CSPG4, and PVRL3 did thus exhibit no constitutive recycling. The presence of TcdB and the p38 activation induced by anisomycin were not able to induce or enhance CSPG4 or PVRL3 uptake in MEFs. In conclusion, FZD2/7, CSPG4, and PVRL3 seem to serve as cell surface binding receptors rather than internalizing receptors of TcdB. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-07-04 /pmc/articles/PMC6039548/ /pubmed/30022975 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01483 Text en Copyright © 2018 Schöttelndreier, Seeger, Grassl, Winny, Lindner and Genth. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Schöttelndreier, Dennis
Seeger, Katrin
Grassl, Guntram A.
Winny, Markus R.
Lindner, Robert
Genth, Harald
Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B
title Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B
title_full Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B
title_fullStr Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B
title_full_unstemmed Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B
title_short Expression and (Lacking) Internalization of the Cell Surface Receptors of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B
title_sort expression and (lacking) internalization of the cell surface receptors of clostridioides difficile toxin b
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039548/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30022975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01483
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