Impact of Environmental Pollutant Cadmium on the Establishment of a Cancer Stem Cell Population in Breast and Hepatic Cancer

[Image: see text] Cadmium, a heavy metal pollutant, causes cancer. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumors is widely considered to be the reason for the recurrence and treatment failure of cancer. Increasing evidence has confirmed that under certain conditions non-CSCs could be converted into CSCs. The impact of cadmium on the development of CSC lineage in the bulk tumor cell population is not yet studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cadmium on the conversion of non-CSCs to CSCs and the identification of CSCs based on the concurrent monitoring of multiple CSC markers. High-content monitoring of molecular markers was performed using quantum dot (QD) nanoprobes and an acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF)-based imaging device. Cadmium treatment significantly increased the CSC population in MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines. The cadmium-induced CSCs were identified by a concurrent analysis of stem-cell markers, namely, CD44, CD24, CD133, and ALDH1. Moreover, increased m-RNA expression of CD44, ALDH1, and CD133 and protein expression of p-Ras, p-Raf-1, p-MEK-1, and p-ERK-1 were observed in the cadmium-treated MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. This study demonstrates that cadmium induces the gene expression of CSC markers in the breast and liver cancer cell lineage and promotes the conversion of non-CSCs to CSCs.